加州大學(xué)微生物免疫系與癌癥研究中心的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)自然殺傷細(xì)胞的一種新的特征,,這一成果公布在1月11日Nature在線版上,。
自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,,NK)是機(jī)體重要的免疫細(xì)胞,,不僅與抗腫瘤,、 抗病毒感染和免疫調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),而且在某些情況下參與超敏反應(yīng)和自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生,。由于NK細(xì)胞的殺傷活性無(wú)MHC限制,,不依賴抗體,因此稱為自然殺傷活性,。 NK細(xì)胞胞漿豐富,,含有較大的嗜天青顆粒,顆粒的含量與NK細(xì)胞的殺傷活性呈正相關(guān)。NK細(xì)胞作用于靶細(xì)胞后殺傷作用出現(xiàn)早,,在體外1小時(shí),、體內(nèi)4小時(shí)即可見(jiàn)到殺傷效應(yīng)。NK細(xì)胞的靶細(xì)胞主要有某些腫瘤細(xì)胞(包括部分細(xì)胞系),、病毒感染細(xì)胞,、某些自身組織細(xì)胞(如血細(xì)胞)、寄生蟲(chóng)等,,因此NK細(xì)胞是機(jī)體抗腫瘤,、抗感染的重要免疫因素,也參與第Ⅱ型超敏反應(yīng)和移植物抗宿主反應(yīng),。
在獲得性免疫應(yīng)答機(jī)制中,,感染發(fā)生后未致敏的T細(xì)胞會(huì)開(kāi)始復(fù)制增殖,免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)生成具有長(zhǎng)期記憶性的細(xì)胞,,在經(jīng)歷第二次相同病毒的感染時(shí)候,,免疫細(xì)胞就能迅速的調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái),發(fā)揮免疫功能,。
在現(xiàn)在的理論中,,自然殺傷細(xì)胞被歸為天然免疫細(xì)胞,它與細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞具有諸多相似的特點(diǎn),。研究者以小鼠為模型,,讓其感染巨細(xì)胞病毒,與細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞相似的特性出現(xiàn)了,,脾臟中表達(dá)病毒特異性的Ly49H受體的自然殺傷細(xì)胞數(shù)量增高100倍,,在肝臟中高達(dá)1000倍。經(jīng)歷收縮期后,,Ly49H陽(yáng)性的自然殺傷細(xì)胞定居在淋巴組織或是非淋巴器官中長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)月之久,。這些能自我更新的有記憶性的自然殺傷細(xì)胞再次遭遇相同的病原后能迅速的反應(yīng),脫顆粒,,釋放細(xì)胞因子發(fā)揮免疫功能,。如果將這些有記憶性的自然殺傷細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到年幼的動(dòng)物體內(nèi),自然殺傷細(xì)胞能在年幼動(dòng)物首次遭遇相應(yīng)病原的時(shí)候發(fā)揮殺傷作用,,也就是說(shuō)這些記憶性的自然殺傷細(xì)胞能拿來(lái)即用,。
這些研究結(jié)果證明,自然殺傷細(xì)胞其實(shí)不僅是天然免疫系統(tǒng)中的重要作用成分,,它同樣具有獲得性免疫細(xì)胞的一些特征(有記憶性),。
研究者認(rèn)為,在免疫系統(tǒng)中,,NK細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的速度比T細(xì)胞或B細(xì)胞要快,,因此,,NK細(xì)胞的這種記憶性能可能有助于設(shè)計(jì)更有效,反應(yīng)更迅速的疫苗,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature advance online publication 11 January 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature07665
Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells
Joseph C. Sun1, Joshua N. Beilke1 & Lewis L. Lanier1
Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
In an adaptive immune response, naive T cells proliferate during infection and generate long-lived memory cells that undergo secondary expansion after a repeat encounter with the same pathogen. Although natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as cells of the innate immune system, they share many similarities with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We use a mouse model of cytomegalovirus infection to show that, like T cells, NK cells bearing the virus-specific Ly49H receptor proliferate 100-fold in the spleen and 1,000-fold in the liver after infection. After a contraction phase, Ly49H-positive NK cells reside in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs for several months. These self-renewing 'memory' NK cells rapidly degranulate and produce cytokines on reactivation. Adoptive transfer of these NK cells into naive animals followed by viral challenge results in a robust secondary expansion and protective immunity. These findings reveal properties of NK cells that were previously attributed only to cells of the adaptive immune system.