哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理系,,Broad研究所,,哈佛大學(xué)干細(xì)胞研究所的科學(xué)家在最新一期的Cell上發(fā)表免疫耐受研究機(jī)制新進(jìn)展Aire's Partners in the Molecular Control of Immunological Tolerance。
免疫耐受(Immune Tolerance)是機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)接觸某種抗原后形成的特異性無(wú)應(yīng)答狀態(tài),,此時(shí)機(jī)體對(duì)其他抗原仍可作出正常的免疫應(yīng)答,。免疫耐受同正常的免疫應(yīng)答一樣:需抗原誘發(fā),經(jīng)過(guò)誘導(dǎo)期,,具有特異性和記憶性,,因此免疫耐受也稱為負(fù)免疫應(yīng)答。1975年著名免疫學(xué)家Burnet提出克隆選擇學(xué)說(shuō),,并以克隆清除(clonal deletion)學(xué)說(shuō)解釋免疫耐受現(xiàn)象,。
最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),部分內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)蛋白,,如胰島素及甲狀腺球蛋白,,可表達(dá)于胸腺隨質(zhì)區(qū)上皮細(xì)胞,這類蛋白雖為組織特異,,卻可致中樞免疫耐受,這些蛋白在胸腺上皮細(xì)胞的表達(dá)受自身免疫調(diào)節(jié)基因編碼蛋白(autoimmune regulator gene,AIRE)調(diào)控,,若AIRE基因缺陷,,這些蛋白則不能在胸腺上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá),導(dǎo)致多器官特異自身免疫疾病,。
自身免疫調(diào)節(jié)基因編碼蛋白(autoimmune regulator gene,,AIRE)誘導(dǎo)的組織特異的自我抗原(peripheral-tissue self-antigen,PTAs),,具有促進(jìn)克隆丟失(clone deletion)的功效,。
克隆排除又稱克隆丟失(clonal deletion)是指在具有不同特異性TCR的淋巴細(xì)胞群體中,對(duì)某一種特定抗原起反應(yīng)的淋巴細(xì)胞克隆被排除或丟失,,這在自身免疫耐受的形成中可能是最重要的機(jī)制,。Burnet最先提出,在胚胎期,,某些淋巴細(xì)胞克隆的受體接觸相應(yīng)抗原(包括自身抗原和外來(lái)抗原)時(shí)即被消除或“禁忌”,。以后的研究證實(shí)了Burnet的這一學(xué)說(shuō),同時(shí)又對(duì)該學(xué)說(shuō)作了許多新的補(bǔ)充,。淋巴細(xì)胞的克隆排除主要發(fā)生在中樞免疫器官,,但在外周免疫器官也可發(fā)生成熟淋巴細(xì)胞的克隆排除。
Aire靶向調(diào)節(jié)PTA的轉(zhuǎn)錄的機(jī)制一直是個(gè)謎,。研究小組選用大量的質(zhì)譜儀器進(jìn)行免疫共沉淀試驗(yàn),,同時(shí)用RNAi技術(shù)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的基因功能分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量的蛋白與Aire的調(diào)節(jié)功能有關(guān),。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,這些蛋白按照功能可分為4類,核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),、染色質(zhì)粘合,、轉(zhuǎn)錄和pre-mRNA預(yù)處理類。一類Aire相關(guān)蛋白與DNA蛋白激酶作用的,,與一組蛋白合作解決DNA雙鏈斷裂問(wèn)題,,或是促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)錄延伸。另外一類Aire蛋白的作用集中在pre-mRNA剪接和成熟上,,這些相互作用更好地解釋了PTA處理過(guò)程,。
這些研究結(jié)果提供了一個(gè)研究Aire的模型,Aire具有廣泛的作用靶位,,具有輕微誘導(dǎo)染色質(zhì)的能力,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell, Volume 140, Issue 1, 123-135, 8 January 2010 DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.030
Aire's Partners in the Molecular Control of Immunological Tolerance
Jakub Abramson, Matthieu Giraud, Christophe Benoist, Diane Mathis
Aire induces the expression of a battery of peripheral-tissue self-antigens (PTAs) in thymic stromal cells, promoting the clonal deletion of differentiating T cells that recognize them. Just how Aire targets and induces PTA transcripts remains largely undefined. Screening via Aire-targeted coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, and validating by multiple RNAi-mediated knockdown approaches, we identified a large set of proteins that associate with Aire. They fall into four major functional classes: nuclear transport, chromatin binding/structure, transcription and pre-mRNA processing. One set of Aire interactions centered on DNA protein kinase and a group of proteins it partners with to resolve DNA double-stranded breaks or promote transcriptional elongation. Another set of interactions was focused on the pre-mRNA splicing and maturation machinery, potentially explaining the markedly more effective processing of PTA transcripts in the presence of Aire. These findings suggest a model to explain Aire's widespread targeting and induction of weakly transcribed chromatin regions.