美國(guó)物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)10月17日?qǐng)?bào)道,生活在人類皮膚和腸道的細(xì)菌比我們自身的細(xì)胞還要多,,它們大多是人體需要的益生菌,。但免疫系統(tǒng)是怎樣識(shí)別這些“非自體”細(xì)菌而不傷害它們呢?澳大利亞悉尼大學(xué)世紀(jì)學(xué)院的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,在皮膚外層的免疫細(xì)胞中有一群“維和部隊(duì)”,,它們阻止了免疫系統(tǒng)攻擊有益細(xì)菌。該研究有望為諸如炎性腸道疾病等免疫調(diào)節(jié)類疾病帶來新的療法,。論文發(fā)表在近日的美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上,。
研究人員在論文中指出,表層皮膚中的免疫細(xì)胞其通常職責(zé)是作為維和部隊(duì),,阻止免疫系統(tǒng)的正常反應(yīng),。實(shí)驗(yàn)中,當(dāng)研究人員想刺激表皮產(chǎn)生免疫反應(yīng)時(shí),,一種叫做郎格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhans cells)的樹突狀細(xì)胞,,抑制了每一次免疫可能,。
“我們想激活較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的免疫反應(yīng),,但無論我們引入什么,郎格漢斯細(xì)胞總是能誘導(dǎo)出免疫容忍,。”芭芭拉·法澤卡斯·圣格羅斯教授說,,這一結(jié)果好像和主流的免疫理論正相反。主流免疫理論認(rèn)為,樹突狀細(xì)胞會(huì)吞噬細(xì)菌,、病毒或其他外來入侵者,,并給這些外來物貼上抗原標(biāo)簽,抗原能與其他免疫細(xì)胞結(jié)合,,會(huì)改變通過的T細(xì)胞而引發(fā)瀑布式的反應(yīng),,最終使任何帶有抗原標(biāo)記的物質(zhì)都被消滅。
然而,,研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn),,郎格漢斯細(xì)胞和其他的樹突狀細(xì)胞有很大不同:它們?cè)诩せ钶o助性T細(xì)胞(helper T cells)后,會(huì)告訴它們自我毀滅,。法澤卡斯解釋說,,這和人們通常認(rèn)為的相反。以前人們認(rèn)為,,如果出現(xiàn)了一次活性反應(yīng),,就是開始了長(zhǎng)期免疫反應(yīng);而事實(shí)上,,免疫系統(tǒng)的防御是分層次的,,表皮下面的一層中有各種不同類型的樹突狀細(xì)胞,它們被安排做隨后的抗菌反應(yīng),。所以,,只有細(xì)菌穿越表皮到達(dá)更深處遇上這些細(xì)胞,才會(huì)引發(fā)免疫反應(yīng)殺死它們,。
澳大利亞的炎性腸道疾病發(fā)病率是世界最高的,。研究人員指出,在這類疾病中,,免疫系統(tǒng)被激活來抵抗這些腸道細(xì)菌,。他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)也有助于找出發(fā)生這種紊亂的原因,并找到治療各種免疫系統(tǒng)疾病的方法,。
法澤卡斯說:“我們僅僅是模仿免疫系統(tǒng)的某些功能,,比如接種疫苗,就能發(fā)揮很大作用,。如果能模擬郎格漢斯細(xì)胞的功能,,就能開發(fā)出像皮膚免疫系統(tǒng)那樣高級(jí)的療法,精確容忍某種特殊的抗原,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1110076108
PMC:
PMID:
Langerhans cells are precommitted to immune tolerance induction
Shklovskaya, Elena; O'Sullivan, Brendan J.; Ng, Lai Guan; Roediger, Ben; Thomas, Ranjeny; Weninger, Wolfgang; Fazekas de St Groth, Barbara
Antigen-dependent interactions between T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) can produce two distinct outcomes: tolerance and immunity. It is generally considered that all DC subsets are capable of supporting both tolerogenic and immunogenic responses, depending on their exposure to activating signals. Here, we tested whether epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) can support immunogenic responses in vivo in the absence of antigen presentation by other DC subsets. CD4 T cells responding to antigen presentation by activated LCs initially proliferated but then failed to differentiate into effector/memory cells or to survive long term. The tolerogenic function of LCs was maintained after exposure to potent adjuvants and occurred despite up-regulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and IL-12, but was consistent with their failure to translocate the NF-κB family member RelB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Commitment of LCs to tolerogenic function may explain why commensal microorganisms expressing Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands but confined to the skin epithelium are tolerated, whereas invading pathogens that breach the epithelial basement membrane and activate dermal DCs stimulate a strong immune response.