胸腺內(nèi)單分子標(biāo)記陽性T細(xì)胞發(fā)育圖,,圖片來自維基共享資源,。
根據(jù)2012年2月26日發(fā)表在《自然-醫(yī)學(xué)》期刊上的一篇研究論文,來自美國羅耀拉大學(xué)的研究人員報(bào)道了一種大有希望的新技術(shù):它能潛在地將免疫系統(tǒng)殺傷性T細(xì)胞(killer T cell)變成更加強(qiáng)有力的對抗感染和可能對抗癌癥的武器,。
這種技術(shù)涉及傳送DNA到免疫系統(tǒng)的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(antigen-presenting cell),。DNA指導(dǎo)這些細(xì)胞過度表達(dá)一種特異性的蛋白,而該蛋白激活一些在免疫系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮重要作用的殺傷性T細(xì)胞,。該研究論文通信作者和羅耀拉大學(xué)芝加哥-斯特里奇醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤研究所(Oncology Institute of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine)副教授José A. Guevara-Patino博士說,,這些殺傷性T細(xì)胞在攜帶HIV病毒或患上癌癥的病人中通常受到抑制。Guevara和同事們報(bào)道他們開發(fā)的技術(shù)能夠有效地激活免疫受損小鼠中有缺陷的免疫系統(tǒng),,同時(shí)也能夠有效地激活從攜帶HIV的患者身上提取的人殺傷性T細(xì)胞,。
Guevara說,在癌癥病人中進(jìn)行的臨床試驗(yàn)大約在3年之后開展,。
這項(xiàng)研究涉及抗原呈遞細(xì)胞和被稱為CD8 T細(xì)胞的殺傷性細(xì)胞,。抗原呈遞細(xì)胞指導(dǎo)CD8 T細(xì)胞變成殺死已被感染的細(xì)胞或者癌細(xì)胞的殺傷性T細(xì)胞,,而且還時(shí)刻保持警覺性地監(jiān)控病原體是否再次侵襲或者癌癥是否復(fù)發(fā),。
除了從抗原呈遞細(xì)胞獲得指令之外,CD8 T細(xì)胞還需要輔助性T細(xì)胞(helper T cell)的協(xié)助方能變成有效的殺手,。若沒有這種協(xié)助,,它們就不能夠發(fā)揮殺傷性作用,。
在攜帶HIV的病人中,該病毒破壞輔助性T細(xì)胞,。在癌癥病人中,,輔助性T細(xì)胞也受到影響。腫瘤的險(xiǎn)惡性質(zhì)之一就是它能夠阻止殺傷性T細(xì)胞攻擊腫瘤,。該研究論文共同作者Andrew Zloza博士說,,腫瘤是通過讓輔助性T細(xì)胞處于抑制狀態(tài)從而限制它們協(xié)助CD8 T細(xì)胞的能力來阻止殺傷性T細(xì)胞殺死癌細(xì)胞。
在這項(xiàng)研究中,,研究人員通過一種稱作基因槍(gene gun)的設(shè)備將DNA片段傳送進(jìn)皮膚抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,。這種DNA片段指導(dǎo)抗原呈遞細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生特異性的發(fā)揮著類似分子鑰匙作用(molecular key)的蛋白。當(dāng)CD8 T細(xì)胞與抗原呈遞細(xì)胞相互作用時(shí),,這種分子鑰匙開啟CD8 T細(xì)胞的殺傷性質(zhì)---促進(jìn)它們外移并殺死病原體和癌細(xì)胞,。
利用這種技術(shù),這些殺傷性T細(xì)胞將不再需要輔助性T細(xì)胞的協(xié)助,。因此即便腫瘤讓輔助性T細(xì)胞處于抑制狀態(tài)時(shí),,這些殺傷性T細(xì)胞仍然能夠外移和殺死癌細(xì)胞。研究人員期待在未來利用這種技術(shù)開展的研究能夠讓它應(yīng)用于包括癌癥在內(nèi)的很多疾病的治療,。(生物谷:towersimper編譯)
doi:10.1038/nm.2683
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NKG2D signaling on CD8+ T cells represses T-bet and rescues CD4-unhelped CD8+ T cell memory recall but not effector responses
Andrew Zloza, Frederick J Kohlhapp, Gretchen E Lyons, Jason M Schenkel, Tamson V Moore, Andrew T Lacek, Jeremy A O'Sullivan, Vineeth Varanasi, Jesse W Williams, Michael C Jagoda, Emily C Bellavance, Amanda L Marzo, Paul G Thomas, Biljana Zafirova, Bojan Polić, Lena Al-Harthi, Anne I Sperling & José A Guevara-Patiño
CD4-unhelped CD8+ T cells are functionally defective T cells primed in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Given the co-stimulatory role of natural-killer group 2, member D protein (NKG2D) on CD8+ T cells, we investigated its ability to rescue these immunologically impotent cells. We demonstrate that augmented co-stimulation through NKG2D during priming paradoxically rescues memory, but not effector, CD8+ T cell responses. NKG2D-mediated rescue is characterized by reversal of elevated transcription factor T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) expression and recovery of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production and cytolytic responses. Rescue is abrogated in CD8+ T cells lacking NKG2D. Augmented co-stimulation through NKG2D confers a high rate of survival to mice lacking CD4+ T cells in a CD4-dependent influenza model and rescues HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses from CD4-deficient HIV-positive donors. These findings demonstrate that augmented co-stimulation through NKG2D is effective in rescuing CD4-unhelped CD8+ T cells from their pathophysiological fate and may provide therapeutic benefits.