水泡性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV)顆粒的透射電子顯微鏡圖片,,圖片來自維基共享資源。
一項新研究推翻人們早已完善的理論,,即抗體是抗病毒免疫所必需的,,并揭示免疫系統(tǒng)的特異性和非特異性免疫機(jī)制之間存在的意想不到的伙伴關(guān)系在宿主對抗一些病毒感染中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵性作用,。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果于2012年3月1日發(fā)表在《細(xì)胞》子刊Immunity期刊上,可能導(dǎo)致科學(xué)家對有助于保護(hù)那些接觸到潛在致命性病毒如狂犬病毒(rabies virus)的人們免受感染的最好方法獲得新的理解,。
免疫系統(tǒng)包括兩個主要部分:天然免疫(innate immunity)和適應(yīng)性免疫(adaptive immunity),。天然免疫是宿主中依賴細(xì)胞和非特異性免疫機(jī)制的第一道防御線。而更為復(fù)雜的適應(yīng)性免疫被認(rèn)為在哺乳動物遭受病毒感染時產(chǎn)生的免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮著主要作用,,而且它利用產(chǎn)生抗體的B細(xì)胞作為它的防御手段的一部分,。然而,適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答需要一段時間才能被充分動員起來,。
“小鼠感染水泡性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV)之后,,它們的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)能夠遭受該病毒的致命性入侵,甚至當(dāng)它們的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)擁有高濃度抗-VSV抗體時”,,論文通訊作者Ulrich H. von Andrian博士解釋道,,“這一觀察讓我們不得不重新審視適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答在它們遭受VSV感染之后存活下來的過程中所起的作用。”
研究小組在含有B細(xì)胞但不能產(chǎn)生抗體的小鼠中研究VSV感染,。意想不到的是,,盡管B細(xì)胞本身是比較重要的,但是接觸VSV病毒之后,,一些小鼠在不需要抗體或者經(jīng)典適應(yīng)性免疫機(jī)制的其他組分時也能夠存活下來,。“我們確定B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生一種化學(xué)物,而且這種化學(xué)物是維持被稱作巨噬細(xì)胞的天然免疫細(xì)胞所必需的,。巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生I型干擾素,,而這種干擾素是阻止致命性VSV病毒入侵所必需的”,論文共同作者M(jìn)atteo Iannacone說,。
歸納在一起,,這些結(jié)果表明B細(xì)胞在對抗VSV病毒中所發(fā)揮的關(guān)鍵性作用不需要適應(yīng)性免疫機(jī)制,相反地,,它與天然免疫系統(tǒng)直接相關(guān)聯(lián),。“我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與當(dāng)前觀點---抗體是宿主在遭受諸如VSV病毒之類的病毒感染后存活下來所絕對必需的---相抵觸,同時也確定B細(xì)胞在抗病毒免疫中作為巨噬細(xì)胞的‘監(jiān)護(hù)人’而發(fā)揮出一種人們意想不到的功能”,,von Andrian博士作出結(jié)論,,“它也將有助于人們進(jìn)一步分析抗體和干擾素在免疫系統(tǒng)對抗入侵中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之類的病毒如狂犬病毒、西尼羅河病毒和腦炎病毒中所起的作用,。” (生物谷:towersimper編譯)
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.013
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B Cell Maintenance of Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages Protects against a Fatal Viral Infection Independent of Adaptive Immunity
E. Ashley Moseman, Matteo Iannacone, Lidia Bosurgi, Elena Tonti, Nicolas Chevrier, Alexei Tumanov, Yang-Xin Fu, Nir Hacohen, Ulrich H. von Andrian
Neutralizing antibodies have been thought to be required for protection against acutely cytopathic viruses, such as the neurotropic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Utilizing mice that possess B cells but lack antibodies, we show here that survival upon subcutaneous (s.c.) VSV challenge was independent of neutralizing antibody production or cell-mediated adaptive immunity. However, B cells were absolutely required to provide lymphotoxin (LT) α1β2, which maintained a protective subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophage phenotype within virus draining lymph nodes (LNs). Macrophages within the SCS of B cell-deficient LNs, or of mice that lack LTα1β2 selectively in B cells, displayed an aberrant phenotype, failed to replicate VSV, and therefore did not produce type I interferons, which were required to prevent fatal VSV invasion of intranodal nerves. Thus, although B cells are essential for survival during VSV infection, their contribution involves the provision of innate differentiation and maintenance signals to macrophages, rather than adaptive immune mechanisms