近日,國際著名雜志《自然》Nature在線刊登了國外研究人員的最新研究成果“Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome,,”,,文章中,研究者揭示了免疫在腦功能障礙中作用研究獲進(jìn)展,,這一論文一經(jīng)發(fā)表,,引起了科學(xué)界的高度關(guān)注,美國科學(xué)促進(jìn)會(huì)(AAAS)旗下EurekAlert!,、Nature網(wǎng)站和The scientist等網(wǎng)站均第一時(shí)間對這一成果進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,。
Rett綜合癥是一種嚴(yán)重影響兒童精神運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育的遺傳性疾病,,通常在小兒18個(gè)月左右發(fā)病,表現(xiàn)為發(fā)育停滯倒退,,溝通與運(yùn)動(dòng)技能障礙等,。過去的研究通常集中在神經(jīng)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上解析此病。
然而近日來自美國弗吉尼亞大學(xué)研究人員卻稱免疫系統(tǒng)有可能是一個(gè)值得研究的靶標(biāo):在Rett綜合癥小鼠模型中,,研究人員證實(shí)骨髓移植可顯著改善癥狀,,大大延長了小鼠的壽命。威斯康星大學(xué)的Qiang Chang(從事Rett綜合癥分子機(jī)制研究,,未參與新研究)說:“這是一個(gè)非常有趣,,且非常具有煽動(dòng)性的研究論文,不僅對于基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)而且對于轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)均具有重要的意義,。但我個(gè)人認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)工作有可能引發(fā)的問題遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多過它解答的問題,。”
Rett綜合癥是由Mecp2基因多種不同突變引起的神經(jīng)障礙性疾病,Mecp2基因定位在X染色體上,,可通過結(jié)合,、改變DNA上的甲基化標(biāo)記調(diào)控?cái)?shù)千種基因表達(dá)。由于Mecp2在機(jī)體的大量組織中均有表達(dá),,對了解Rett綜合癥的機(jī)制提出了重大挑戰(zhàn),。“每種細(xì)胞類型均有甲基化作用,但是細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞間的甲基化模式卻可能有所不同,。如果情況確實(shí)如此的話,,Mecp2有可能在不同細(xì)胞中調(diào)控和參與了不同的信號通路,”賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)Zhaolan Zhou(主要從事Rett綜合癥和表觀遺傳學(xué)研究,,未參與新研究)說,。
由于Rett綜合癥是一種腦功能障礙,大部分的研究都將焦點(diǎn)集中在了神經(jīng)元的Mecp2活性上,,這也不無道理,。“Mecp2在神經(jīng)元中呈極高水平表達(dá),被認(rèn)為在神經(jīng)元和大腦環(huán)路的成熟中發(fā)揮了重要作用,,”Qiang Chang說,。Rett綜合癥兒童出生時(shí)看起來是基本“正常”的,直到18個(gè)月后才會(huì)表現(xiàn)出癥狀,。當(dāng)Mecp2表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)時(shí),,打開了這扇窗口。
然而新研究表明大腦細(xì)胞可能并未呈現(xiàn)出全部的情況,。在閱讀了10年前一篇關(guān)于Mecp2突變?nèi)绾螠p慢T細(xì)胞生長的研究論文后,,來自弗吉尼亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的神經(jīng)免疫學(xué)家Noël Derecki 和Jonathan Kipnis決定進(jìn)一步研究免疫系統(tǒng)與Rett綜合癥的相互作用。
這次,他們將焦點(diǎn)放在了小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上,。“小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是大腦中的經(jīng)典免疫細(xì)胞,。從Mecp2缺陷小鼠大腦中獲取的小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞對入侵物缺乏響應(yīng),在大量的功能上受到了嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,。如果免疫系統(tǒng)包括小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是一種受損的方式發(fā)揮功能,,那么用正常的免疫系統(tǒng)來替換損傷免疫系統(tǒng)或許某種程度上改善疾病,”Derecki說,。
研究人員讓4周齡的Mecp2缺陷雄性小鼠接受了輻射處理,,殺死了它們體內(nèi)包括小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的免疫細(xì)胞,然后將來自正常小鼠的骨髓注入到缺陷小鼠骨中,。其想法是利用骨髓中非突變的干細(xì)胞生成正常的免疫細(xì)胞,,然后這些免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)遷移至大腦,并進(jìn)行增殖,。
因?yàn)樾坌孕∈笾挥幸粭lX染色體,,如果但拷貝Mecp2缺失,那么這些小鼠的疾病會(huì)非常的嚴(yán)重:他們平均只能存活8周,,有顫抖和呼吸異常等癥狀,。但是接受了骨髓移植的小鼠生存了更長的時(shí)間。“最年邁的小鼠生存了一年,,他們的外貌和行為與正常小鼠非常相似,,”Derecki說。
然而小鼠并未得到治愈,,只是部分的癥狀得到了減輕,,腦細(xì)胞仍攜帶者M(jìn)ecp2突變。“它當(dāng)然是一種神經(jīng)疾病,,神經(jīng)元仍存在自身的問題,,但它也有可能是一種其他細(xì)胞類型的疾病。我們并不認(rèn)為是小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞引起了該病,,但我們相信當(dāng)它們發(fā)生功能障礙時(shí),,會(huì)使疾病更為嚴(yán)重,”Derecki說,。
該研究也并不意味著Rett綜合癥兒童應(yīng)該開始接受骨髓移植治療,。Kipnis道:“骨髓移植對于一個(gè)本身體質(zhì)已經(jīng)非常虛弱的孩子而言是一個(gè)大的挑戰(zhàn)。但是本研究確實(shí)是首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了神經(jīng)元以外的靶標(biāo),。”
免疫系統(tǒng)對于疾病治療是一個(gè)非常具有吸引力的靶標(biāo),,這是因?yàn)樗绕渌魏伟袠?biāo)更易于操作。你不必動(dòng)大腦,,也無需通過血腦屏障傳送藥物。
Qiang Chang和Zhaolan Zhou表示希望能在其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室中看到重復(fù)的結(jié)果,更多了解可能的機(jī)制,。Zhaolan Zhou 說:“該論文表明Mecp2對于每個(gè)細(xì)胞類型都非常重要,,它制造出了一個(gè)尚待解決的令人著迷的生物學(xué)問題。”
下一步是在免疫系統(tǒng)中尋找受到Mecp2調(diào)控的基因,。“有可能有成千上萬種基因,,我們還不知道此山有多高,”Derecki說,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature10907
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Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Noël C. Derecki, James C. Cronk, Zhenjie Lu, Eric Xu, Stephen B. G. Abbott, Patrice G. Guyenet & Jonathan Kipnis
Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism spectrum disorder. The disease is characterized in most cases by mutation of the MECP2 gene, which encodes a methyl-CpG-binding protein1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Although MECP2 is expressed in many tissues, the disease is generally attributed to a primary neuronal dysfunction6. However, as shown recently, glia, specifically astrocytes, also contribute to Rett pathophysiology. Here we examine the role of another form of glia, microglia, in a murine model of Rett syndrome. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into irradiation-conditioned Mecp2-null hosts resulted in engraftment of brain parenchyma by bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells of microglial phenotype, and arrest of disease development. However, when cranial irradiation was blocked by lead shield, and microglial engraftment was prevented, disease was not arrested. Similarly, targeted expression of MECP2 in myeloid cells, driven by Lysmcre on an Mecp2-null background, markedly attenuated disease symptoms. Thus, through multiple approaches, wild-type Mecp2-expressing microglia within the context of an Mecp2-null male mouse arrested numerous facets of disease pathology: lifespan was increased, breathing patterns were normalized, apnoeas were reduced, body weight was increased to near that of wild type, and locomotor activity was improved. Mecp2+/− females also showed significant improvements as a result of wild-type microglial engraftment. These benefits mediated by wild-type microglia, however, were diminished when phagocytic activity was inhibited pharmacologically by using annexin V to block phosphatydilserine residues on apoptotic targets, thus preventing recognition and engulfment by tissue-resident phagocytes. These results suggest the importance of microglial phagocytic activity in Rett syndrome. Our data implicate microglia as major players in the pathophysiology of this devastating disorder, and suggest that bone marrow transplantation might offer a feasible therapeutic approach for it.