2012年9月10日 訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --數(shù)年來,,成功的HIV疫苗對于研究者來說如同耶穌手中的圣杯一樣難以得到,盡管這些年來花費(fèi)了眾多的人力物力,,成功的HIV疫苗仍未開發(fā)出來,。但是近來俄勒岡醫(yī)科大學(xué)的研究者揭示了含有毒力弱化的AIDS病毒的猴子為何可以抵御完整強(qiáng)毒株HIV的接二連三的感染。但是這種方法對于人類來說是有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的,。
相關(guān)研究成果刊登在了近日的國際雜志Nature Medicine上,。
一般情況下有兩種方法來開發(fā)新型疫苗抵御感染性疾病,第一種方法就是使用活的但毒力減弱的疾病菌株,,這種毒力減弱的菌株并不足以引發(fā)疾病,,但其可以激活機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng),使得免疫系統(tǒng)來抵御疾病的感染,,這樣以后在機(jī)體中如果出現(xiàn)相同的病毒或者菌株,,機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)就會(huì)進(jìn)行保護(hù)。第二種方法就是使用病毒毒株的死亡形式,,這種方法可以使得機(jī)體處于安全的范圍內(nèi),,使機(jī)體發(fā)展出抵御病毒侵入的能力。
20世紀(jì)90年代,,研究者揭示了SIV的低毒毒株(猴子HIV的副本)可以保護(hù)猴子免于完整毒力的HIV的感染,。但是這種低毒的毒株在某些猴子身上可以引發(fā)感染。
這項(xiàng)研究中,,研究者揭示了猴子體內(nèi)這種保護(hù)效應(yīng)取決于其機(jī)體中由持續(xù)減毒活病毒所激發(fā)產(chǎn)生的抗病毒T細(xì)胞,,如果削弱病毒將會(huì)阻止持續(xù)性的保護(hù)作用。然而不像大多數(shù)的疫苗,,一種有效的HIV疫苗在機(jī)體中所維持的保護(hù)效應(yīng)應(yīng)該是持續(xù)性的,。
文章中,研究者開發(fā)出了另外一種持續(xù)性病毒,,名為巨細(xì)胞病毒(CMV),,研究者對CMV進(jìn)行了工程化操作,使其可以表達(dá)SIV或者HIV的蛋白質(zhì),,并且可以作為運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)來提高機(jī)體的抵御病毒感染的保護(hù)效應(yīng),。
CMV是很多人攜帶的持續(xù)性病毒,幾乎不會(huì)引發(fā)任何癥狀,,其可以表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞效應(yīng),,這種效應(yīng)可以維持終生。具有記憶效應(yīng)的T細(xì)胞具有潛在地抗病毒作用,。研究者Picher假設(shè)CMV載體可以產(chǎn)生抗病毒效應(yīng),,這將對HIV時(shí)刻保持警惕,,并且能夠阻斷HIV的感染。(生物谷Bioon.com)
編譯自:New research helps explain why AIDS vaccine has been so difficult to develop
doi:10.1038/nm.2934
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Lymph node T cell responses predict the efficacy of live attenuated SIV vaccines
Yoshinori Fukazawa, Haesun Park, Mark J Cameron, Francois Lefebvre, Richard Lum, Noel Coombes, Eisa Mahyari, Shoko I Hagen, Jin Young Bae, Marcelo Delos Reyes III, Tonya Swanson, Alfred W Legasse, Andrew Sylwester, Scott G Hansen, Andrew T Smith, Petra Stafova, Rebecca Shoemaker, Yuan Li, Kelli Oswald, Michael K Axthelm, Adrian McDermott, Guido Ferrari, David C Montefiori, Paul T Edlefsen, Michael Piatak Jr et al.
Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines (LAVs) remain the most efficacious of all vaccines in nonhuman primate models of HIV and AIDS, yet the basis of their robust protection remains poorly understood. Here we show that the degree of LAV-mediated protection against intravenous wild-type SIVmac239 challenge strongly correlates with the magnitude and function of SIV-specific, effector-differentiated T cells in the lymph node but not with the responses of such T cells in the blood or with other cellular, humoral and innate immune parameters. We found that maintenance of protective T cell responses is associated with persistent LAV replication in the lymph node, which occurs almost exclusively in follicular helper T cells. Thus, effective LAVs maintain lymphoid tissue-based, effector-differentiated, SIV-specific T cells that intercept and suppress early wild-type SIV amplification and, if present in sufficient frequencies, can completely control and perhaps clear infection, an observation that provides a rationale for the development of safe, persistent vectors that can elicit and maintain such responses.