生物谷報(bào)道:復(fù)雜的人類社會(huì)處處昭示,、暗藏各式各樣的智力、能力,、權(quán)力,、武力等等的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。植物的世界也是如此,。在植物世界里存在著一種軍備競(jìng)賽,,進(jìn)化過程中植物增強(qiáng)它們的防御系統(tǒng)來對(duì)抗外來入侵病原。而科學(xué)家最新發(fā)現(xiàn),,一種細(xì)菌(Pseudomonas syringae)能通過向植物細(xì)胞中注入一種特殊蛋白而感染番茄,,并破壞其防御系統(tǒng)。 這就好比精心策劃的銀行盜竊活動(dòng)一樣,,先讓警報(bào)系統(tǒng)癱瘓,,避過監(jiān)視系統(tǒng),神不知鬼不覺地拿到不義之財(cái),。
Cornell大學(xué)和Boyce Thompson植物研究所(BTI)的植物病理學(xué)教授Gregory Martin將這一結(jié)果發(fā)表在7月19日的《自然》雜志上,。植物病理學(xué)教授Gregory Martin解釋說,植物育種專家常常會(huì)在育成某個(gè)抗病蟲害新種的5到6年后發(fā)現(xiàn),,抗性植物變體的抗性明顯降低,,其原因是由于病原物能夠快速進(jìn)化來對(duì)抗植物的防御系統(tǒng)。至今,,育種家育出的抗性植物的抗性從來還沒有能夠維持20年以上的,。
了解為什么某些種類植物對(duì)疾病有更好的抵抗性非常重要,這能幫助我們培育出更有耐受性的農(nóng)業(yè)品種,。Cornell和BTI的科學(xué)家描述了通過分子注射器注入植物細(xì)胞的細(xì)菌蛋白AvrPtoB如何戰(zhàn)勝植物的免疫系統(tǒng),。通常,植物的防御系統(tǒng)會(huì)掃描病原,,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)就會(huì)激發(fā)免疫反應(yīng)去除疾病,。正常情況下,植物的防御系統(tǒng)能夠偵察到這些病原體,,當(dāng)檢測(cè)到這些居心不良的入侵者時(shí),,它會(huì)發(fā)起一種免疫應(yīng)答來避過疾病。番茄的細(xì)胞中攜帶一種叫做Fen的蛋白質(zhì),,這種蛋白質(zhì)是它的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的一部分,,它能協(xié)助檢測(cè)到這種細(xì)菌并扳下免疫應(yīng)答 的“扳機(jī)”。
但是,,一些P. syringae細(xì)菌株則進(jìn)化出了AvtPtoB這個(gè)秘密武器,。它模擬一種番茄內(nèi)的酶——E3泛素連接酶,,這種酶標(biāo)記那些需要被破壞的蛋白。當(dāng)細(xì)菌將AvtPtoB蛋白注射到植物細(xì)胞中,,AvtPtoB與Fen蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合并讓細(xì)胞自己將它們的死對(duì)頭當(dāng)成需要處理掉的“廢品”無辜被降解掉,。這樣,細(xì)菌就可能讓植物沒辦法看到它,,然后它就可以在細(xì)胞里繁殖,、致使植物生病。
這篇文章的第一作者,、康奈爾植物病理學(xué)系和BTI的一名女研究生介紹說,,這篇發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的文章解釋了一種病原菌如何進(jìn)化躲避植物細(xì)胞的免疫檢測(cè)。
研究小組還發(fā)現(xiàn)Fen蛋白的基因不但存在于種植的番茄內(nèi),,還存在于很多野生番茄種類中,,這使科學(xué)家們相信這一基因的起源很古老,并且番茄中很多種類用它對(duì)抗細(xì)菌已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了,。由于Fen蛋白現(xiàn)在仍然負(fù)責(zé)偵測(cè)類似AvrPtoB的蛋白,,并激發(fā)有效的免疫應(yīng)答,因此科學(xué)家相信細(xì)菌是最近才進(jìn)化出AvrPtoB,,來通過它對(duì)E3連接酶作用并干擾植物的防御機(jī)制,。
原文鏈接:http://www.physorg.com/news103988780.html
原始出處:
Nature 448, 370-374 (19 July 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature05966; Received 26 April 2007; Accepted 29 May 2007
A bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a host protein kinase to disrupt plant immunity
Tracy R. Rosebrock1,2, Lirong Zeng1, Jennifer J. Brady1, Robert B. Abramovitch1,2, Fangming Xiao1 & Gregory B. Martin1,2
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Correspondence to: Gregory B. Martin1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to G.B.M. (Email: [email protected]).
Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type III secretion system to deliver diverse virulence-associated 'effector' proteins into the host cell1. The mechanisms by which these effectors act are mostly unknown; however, they often promote disease by suppressing host immunity2. One type III effector, AvrPtoB, expressed by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, has a carboxy-terminal domain that is an E3 ubiquitin ligase3. Deletion of this domain allows an amino-terminal region of AvrPtoB (AvrPtoB1–387) to be detected by certain tomato varieties leading to immunity-associated programmed cell death4. Here we show that a host kinase, Fen, physically interacts with AvrPtoB1–387 and is responsible for activating the plant immune response. The AvrPtoB E3 ligase specifically ubiquitinates Fen and promotes its degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. This degradation leads to disease susceptibility in Fen-expressing tomato lines. Various wild species of tomato were found to exhibit immunity in response to AvrPtoB1–387 and not to full-length AvrPtoB. Thus, by acquiring an E3 ligase domain, AvrPtoB has thwarted a highly conserved host resistance mechanism.