科學家對霍亂流行地區(qū)的霍亂發(fā)病率進行了估計,,結果發(fā)現該病造成了相當高的負擔,對低齡兒童的影響最大。
他們說,,這樣的估計在決定應該把干預措施對準何處的時候非常重要,這些措施包括水供應,、衛(wèi)生設施的改善和免疫接種等,。
該研究的論文發(fā)表在了2月20日出版的《公共科學圖書館·被忽視的熱帶病》(PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases)上。研究是在印度的加爾各答,、印度尼西亞的雅加達和莫桑比克的貝拉這三個城市進行的,。這個國際研究小組為在這些地區(qū)的衛(wèi)生中心就診的全年齡組腹瀉患者進行了霍亂的檢測,。霍亂是由霍亂弧菌導致的,。
他們發(fā)現整體霍亂發(fā)病率最低的是雅加達,,發(fā)病率是每年每千人0.5例。加爾各答的發(fā)病率是雅加達的3倍(每年每千人1.6例),,而在貝拉,,發(fā)病率是雅加達的8倍(每年每千人4例)。
在所有這些地區(qū),,兒童受到的影響最嚴重,,在5歲以下兒童中的發(fā)病率最高。
該研究的作者之一,、印度加爾各答國立霍亂和腸道疾病研究所的副所長Dipika Sur說:“該研究表明霍亂仍然是發(fā)展中國家的一個大問題,,而許多科學家和決策者并沒有意識到這一點。”
Sur說在霍亂地方流行的地區(qū),,兒童容易染上這種疾病,,因為成年人已經有了免疫力,而剛接觸到這種疾病的兒童還沒有產生免疫力,。他還表示,,為加爾各答的數量龐大的人口提供安全的水和衛(wèi)生設施,這在近期是無法實現的,。“接種疫苗是一個有吸引力的替代方案,。然而,目前還沒有低成本的霍亂疫苗,。”
南非斯坦陵布什大學衛(wèi)生科學系的Jo Barnes說,,由于目前持續(xù)的洪水和不良的基礎設施,莫桑比克面臨的風險最高,。
“人們被迫離開家園,,生活在類似于難民營的地方——這讓霍亂流行的環(huán)境成熟了。”她警告說,,該病可以在環(huán)境中潛伏數年,,只要條件適宜,它就會重新露面,。
但是她說,,接種霍亂疫苗可能效果不大。“接種疫苗只能在3到6個月內有效,,而且只有50%的有效率,。目前急需的是坑式廁所、清潔的飲用水和衛(wèi)生學方面的教育,。”(來源:科學與發(fā)展網絡 Sanjit Bagchi and Carol Campbell)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
(PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases),, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000173,,Jacqueline L. Deen,John D. Clemens
The High Burden of Cholera in Children: Comparison of Incidence from Endemic Areas in Asia and Africa
Jacqueline L. Deen, Lorenz von Seidlein, Dipika Sur, Magdarina Agtini, Marcelino E. S. Lucas, Anna Lena Lopez, Deok Ryun Kim, Mohammad Ali, John D. Clemens
Abstract
Background
Cholera remains an important public health problem. Yet there are few reliable population-based estimates of laboratory-confirmed cholera incidence in endemic areas around the world.
Methods
We established treatment facility–based cholera surveillance in three sites in Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (India), and Beira (Mozambique). The annual incidence of cholera was estimated using the population census as the denominator and the age-specific number of cholera cases among the study cohort as the numerator.
Findings
The lowest overall rate was found in Jakarta, where the estimated incidence was 0.5/1000 population/year. The incidence was three times higher in Kolkata (1.6/1000/year) and eight times higher in Beira (4.0/1000/year). In all study sites, the greatest burden was in children under 5 years of age.
Conclusion
There are considerable differences in cholera incidence across these endemic areas but in all sites, children are the most affected. The study site in Africa had the highest cholera incidence consistent with a growing impression of the large cholera burden in Africa. Burden estimates are useful when considering where and among whom interventions such as vaccination would be most needed.