巴西雨林中隱藏著世界上最危險(xiǎn)的生命,但是這片雨林中的螞蟻所面臨的敵人卻是其中最險(xiǎn)惡的,。美國賓州州立大學(xué)科學(xué)家近日在深入到該地區(qū)考察過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了四種新的菌類物種,。令科學(xué)家震驚的是,,這些菌類能夠感染螞蟻,按管和控制螞蟻的軀體,,最后到了一個(gè)適合自身生長(zhǎng)的空間時(shí)再殺死這些螞蟻寄主,。
一只被寄生菌類感染的僵尸螞蟻,正死死咬住一只已死亡同類的頸部,。它可能是將同類的頸部錯(cuò)認(rèn)為是葉脈了
據(jù)科學(xué)家介紹,,這些菌類能夠摧毀整個(gè)蟻穴,讓蟻穴成為成群螞蟻的墓地,。大量死亡螞蟻的尸體呈扭曲狀,,它們的下鄂死死咬住葉脈。這是它們死亡前的最后動(dòng)作,,這個(gè)動(dòng)作可以保護(hù)菌類處于安全的位置,,而此時(shí)菌類會(huì)再次釋放出新孢子感染其他螞蟻。
美國賓州州立大學(xué)科學(xué)家大衛(wèi)-休斯和哈里-埃萬斯在巴西東南部的大西洋雨林中考察時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了四種新菌類(Ophiocordyceps),。休斯介紹說,,“這種生物體呈現(xiàn)出難以置信的復(fù)雜性。不管是它釋放出化學(xué)物質(zhì)來控制螞蟻,,還是通過孢子的傳播在雨林中尋找寄主,,整個(gè)過程的行為相當(dāng)完美。”
1859年,,與達(dá)爾文同時(shí)代的偉大博物學(xué)家阿爾弗雷德-魯塞爾-華萊士在印尼蘇拉威西島發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種“僵尸螞蟻菌類”標(biāo)本,。此外,華萊士還在亞馬遜地區(qū)采集到類似的標(biāo)本并準(zhǔn)備帶回倫敦,。但是,,由于回程的船只起火并沉沒,華萊士丟失了所有的標(biāo)本,。關(guān)于菌類控制螞蟻現(xiàn)象的最重要的現(xiàn)代標(biāo)本本來存儲(chǔ)于巴黎一家博物館中,,但1941年借給日本一位研究人員后丟失。
休斯等人將發(fā)現(xiàn)成果發(fā)表于《公共科學(xué)圖書館-綜合》雜志上,??茖W(xué)家們?cè)谖闹性敿?xì)描述了四種新的菌類,,每一種菌類分別控制不同種類的木蟻。此外,,這種生物體的生命期非常獨(dú)特,。當(dāng)孢子從空中落到螞蟻身上時(shí),或它們?cè)谟炅值孛嫔舷嘤鰰r(shí),,螞蟻開始被感染,。一旦附到螞蟻身上后,孢子通過酶進(jìn)入螞蟻的體內(nèi),,菌類開始在其中生長(zhǎng),。大約一個(gè)星期后,由菌類釋放的化學(xué)物質(zhì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致螞蟻迷失方向,,并在死亡前的最后時(shí)刻咬住葉脈或其他植物,。科學(xué)家們還發(fā)現(xiàn),,這些螞蟻死亡的地點(diǎn),,通常擁有適合菌類生長(zhǎng)的最理想環(huán)境。螞蟻死亡后,,菌類開始從頭部慢慢發(fā)出萌芽,,并長(zhǎng)出孢子。在夜間,,這些孢子被釋放到雨林地面上去感染其他螞蟻,。
最新研究顯示,一些菌類在生產(chǎn)孢子后,,如果孢子在被釋放一天內(nèi)感染螞蟻失敗,,那么這些菌類還有備份計(jì)劃。地面上的孢子會(huì)慢慢長(zhǎng)出一個(gè)第二級(jí)孢子,。當(dāng)有螞蟻經(jīng)過時(shí),,它們會(huì)立即抓住機(jī)會(huì)附到螞蟻身上。
此前,,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)在澳大利亞一些最古老的雨林中發(fā)現(xiàn)了6種此種菌類,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
PLoS ONE 6(3): e17024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017024
Hidden Diversity Behind the Zombie-Ant Fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: Four New Species Described from Carpenter Ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Harry C. Evans1,2*, Simon L. Elliot1, David P. Hughes3,4*
Abstract
Background
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Clavicipitaceae: Hypocreales) is a fungal pathogen specific to ants of the tribe Camponotini (Formicinae: Formicidae) with a pantropical distribution. This so-called zombie or brain-manipulating fungus alters the behaviour of the ant host, causing it to die in an exposed position, typically clinging onto and biting into the adaxial surface of shrub leaves. We (HCE and DPH) are currently undertaking a worldwide survey to assess the taxonomy and ecology of this highly variable species.
Methods
We formally describe and name four new species belonging to the O. unilateralis species complex collected from remnant Atlantic rainforest in the south-eastern region (Zona da Mata) of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fully illustrated descriptions of both the asexual (anamorph) and sexual (teleomorph) stages are provided for each species. The new names are registered in Index Fungorum (registration.indexfungorum.org) and have received IF numbers. This paper is also a test case for the electronic publication of new names in mycology.
Conclusions
We are only just beginning to understand the taxonomy and ecology of the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis species complex associated with carpenter ants; macroscopically characterised by a single stalk arising from the dorsal neck region of the ant host on which the anamorph occupies the terminal region and the teleomorph occurs as lateral cushions or plates. Each of the four ant species collected - Camponotus rufipes, C. balzani, C. melanoticus and C. novogranadensis - is attacked by a distinct species of Ophiocordyceps readily separated using traditional micromorphology. The new taxa are named according to their ant host.