據(jù)美國物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)報道,,美國國防部高級研究計劃局(DARPA)幾年前邀請研究人員研制不需要電的秘密信息編碼方式,,最近,美國塔夫茨大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們開發(fā)出了一種有生命的密碼:利用細菌菌株來傳遞機密信息,。除了用于諜報活動外,,這項技術(shù)還可以讓企業(yè)給農(nóng)作物或其他有生命的物體進行身份編碼,,以防假冒。該研究的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者曼紐爾·帕拉西奧斯和戴維·華特將研究發(fā)表在最新一期的美國《國家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上,。
科學(xué)家們表示,,這個名為微生物印刷陣列密寫(SPAM)的過程非常簡單:首先培育出7種不同的大腸桿菌菌株,讓其在不同顏色的紫外線下生長,;接著用不同的顏色配對代表不同字母和字符的方式,,設(shè)計出了一個簡單的編碼方案,7種顏色有49種組合,,可用來給26個字母和23個符號編碼,;隨后再將細菌鋪展到瓊脂(用作細菌食物的一種凝膠狀物質(zhì))平板上,,細菌在此會長成不同的顏色,以代表不同的字母和符號,;接下來,,將看起來像紙一樣的硝化纖維素物質(zhì)按壓在該瓊脂平板上,使細菌壓印進硝化纖維物內(nèi),,待硝化纖維物質(zhì)變干后,,著色屬性會消失,便將其裝入信封中,。過一段時間之后,,再將該硝化纖維物按壓在另一塊瓊脂板上,細菌會重新長出其顏色,,以此顯示出被編碼的信息。
研究人員稱,,盡管這一過程非常簡單,,但迄今沒有人想到。相比較而言,,將信息整合入DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)中等其他編碼方式,,更復(fù)雜且更昂貴。
當(dāng)然,,最新方法也有不足之處,,那就是,如果攔截該信息的人知道這是使用細菌編碼的信息,,那么要想解碼信息并非難事,。為此,科學(xué)家們朝這些細菌的耐抗生素基因中添加了熒光,,如此一來,,只有在一定條件下(比如引入氨必西林)才能看到信息。因此,,潛在的信息攔截者不僅需要知道發(fā)送信息的人使用了何種編碼方式,,同時也必須知道使用了何種抗體,二者缺一不可,,才能正確地解碼信息,。信息制造者甚至能用錯誤的抗體為信息攔截者編寫錯誤的信息以混淆視聽。
研究人員也表示,,為了增加保密性,,可將其他因素整合入編碼過程中,諸如設(shè)置細菌在特定時間生長或者在特定時間死亡,,以使信息無法持續(xù)很長時間等,。除了用于諜報活動外,,最新技術(shù)還可以讓企業(yè)給農(nóng)作物或其他有生命的物品打上水印,以防假冒,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1109554108
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InfoBiology by printed arrays of microorganism colonies for timed and on-demand release of messages
Palacios, Manuel A.; Benito-Pe?a, Elena; Manesse, Mael; Mazzeo, Aaron D.; LaFratta, Christopher N.; Whitesides, George M.; Walt, David R.
This paper presents a proof-of-principle method, called InfoBiology, to write and encode data using arrays of genetically engineered strains of Escherichia coli with fluorescent proteins (FPs) as phenotypic markers. In InfoBiology, we encode, send, and release information using living organisms as carriers of data. Genetically engineered systems offer exquisite control of both genotype and phenotype. Living systems also offer the possibility for timed release of information as phenotypic features can take hours or days to develop. We use growth media and chemically induced gene expression as cipher keys or “biociphers” to develop encoded messages. The messages, called Steganography by Printed Arrays of Microbes (SPAM), consist of a matrix of spots generated by seven strains of E. coli, with each strain expressing a different FP. The coding scheme for these arrays relies on strings of paired, septenary digits, where each pair represents an alphanumeric character. In addition, the photophysical properties of the FPs offer another method for ciphering messages. Unique combinations of excited and emitted wavelengths generate distinct fluorescent patterns from the Steganography by Printed Arrays of Microbes (SPAM). This paper shows a new form of steganography based on information from engineered living systems. The combination of bio- and “photociphers” along with controlled timed-release exemplify the capabilities of InfoBiology, which could enable biometrics, communication through compromised channels, easy-to-read barcoding of biological products, or provide a deterrent to counterfeiting.