1月27日,,在出版的《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)研究成果表明,密歇根州立大學(xué)的研究人員觀察到一種新型病毒進(jìn)化的突變過程,,該過程清楚地顯示出病毒如何簡單地使疾病產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)突變,。
科學(xué)家們對(duì)那些可修改病毒的基因組進(jìn)行排序時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),通常病毒會(huì)產(chǎn)生四個(gè)突變,,那些沒能找到新途徑進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞的病毒盡管有四個(gè)突變,,但這些突變從不同時(shí)發(fā)生。
而新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,一種被稱為噬菌體“λ”的病毒,在其進(jìn)化過程中能夠找到一種新的方式去攻擊寄主細(xì)胞大腸桿菌,,它可以在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成所有四次突變過程,。這種病毒可以傳染細(xì)胞,特別是普通E型大腸桿菌,。λ病毒本身對(duì)人體并無危害,,但這項(xiàng)研究首次揭示了該病毒是如何進(jìn)化成復(fù)雜而又具有潛在危險(xiǎn)特質(zhì)的過程。
該項(xiàng)研究的主要承擔(dān)人賈斯汀·邁耶說:“第一次看到λ病毒這種新的進(jìn)化過程,,以及它的這種進(jìn)攻能力和通過一種新的受體迅速進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞的方式,,讓我們感到非常吃驚。當(dāng)我們重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),,這種現(xiàn)象一遍遍地發(fā)生著,。”
日前,美國和荷蘭科學(xué)家制備了一種致命禽流感病毒,。邁耶認(rèn)為,,盡管禽流感病毒成為可在人類傳染的病毒僅需5次變異,但這種病毒能夠自然而然地在突然間完成所有突變是不太可能的。如果每步條件都允許,,它可以循序漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)化,,一步一步地完成進(jìn)化過程。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1214449
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Repeatability and Contingency in the Evolution of a Key Innovation in Phage Lambda
Justin R. Meyer, Devin T. Dobias, Joshua S. Weitz, Jeffrey E. Barrick,Ryan T. Quick, Richard E. Lenski
The processes responsible for the evolution of key innovations, whereby lineages acquire qualitatively new functions that expand their ecological opportunities, remain poorly understood. We examined how a virus, bacteriophage λ, evolved to infect its host, Escherichia coli, through a novel pathway. Natural selection promoted the fixation of mutations in the virus’s host-recognition protein, J, that improved fitness on the original receptor, LamB, and set the stage for other mutations that allowed infection through a new receptor, OmpF. These viral mutations arose after the host evolved reduced expression of LamB, whereas certain other host mutations prevented the phage from evolving the new function. This study shows the complex interplay between genomic processes and ecological conditions that favor the emergence of evolutionary innovations.