PNAS一項研究提出,，中國動物養(yǎng)殖廠不加監(jiān)管地使用抗生素可能促進多種耐抗生素基因的大量出現(xiàn)并釋放到環(huán)境中去,。中國是全世界最大的抗生素制造者和消費者；然而,，在中國使用抗生素治療牲畜疾病和促進動物生長的做法并沒有得到監(jiān)管,。Yong-Guan Zhu、James M. Tiedje及其同事確定了中國的3個大型商業(yè)養(yǎng)豬場的動物糞便,、堆肥和土壤中的超過100種抗生素耐藥基因的不同類型和濃度,。這組作者報告說，每個養(yǎng)殖場的動物糞便都含有能夠帶來對所有主要類型的抗生素耐藥的基因,，這也涉及到那些沒有在這個具體地點使用過的藥物,。該研究確定了149個獨特的抗生素耐藥性基因——其中一些的表達水平是對照樣本的192到2.8萬倍,。另外，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)還提示抗生素和砷,、銅等金屬同時存在可能會增加抗生素耐藥性的自然選擇,。這組作者說，含有抗生素耐藥細菌的動物糞便,、堆肥或土壤如果流入河流,、滲透到地下水中、以灰塵的形式分散或者堆肥以有機肥料的形式分銷,，這些都可能妨礙到人類抗生素療法的有效性,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
doi:10.1073/pnas.1222743110
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Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms
Yong-Guan Zhua,b,1,2, Timothy A. Johnsonc,d,1, Jian-Qiang Sua, Min Qiaob, Guang-Xia Guob, Robert D. Stedtfeldc,e, Syed A. Hashshamc,e, and James M. Tiedjec,d,2
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants posing a potential worldwide human health risk. Intensive animal husbandry is believed to be a major contributor to the increased environmental burden of ARGs. Despite the volume of antibiotics used in China, little information is available regarding the corresponding ARGs associated with animal farms. We assessed type and concentrations of ARGs at three stages of manure processing to land disposal at three large-scale (10,000 animals per year) commercial swine farms in China. In-feed or therapeutic antibiotics used on these farms include all major classes of antibiotics except vancomycins. High-capacity quantitative PCR arrays detected 149 unique resistance genes among all of the farm samples, the top 63 ARGs being enriched 192-fold (median) up to 28,000-fold (maximum) compared with their respective antibiotic-free manure or soil controls. Antibiotics and heavy metals used as feed supplements were elevated in the manures, suggesting the potential for coselection of resistance traits. The potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs because of transposon-specific ARGs is implicated by the enrichment of transposases—the top six alleles being enriched 189-fold (median) up to 90,000-fold in manure—as well as the high correlation (r2 = 0.96) between ARG and transposase abundance. In addition, abundance of ARGs correlated directly with antibiotic and metal concentrations, indicating their importance in selection of resistance genes. Diverse, abundant, and potentially mobile ARGs in farm samples suggest that unmonitored use of antibiotics and metals is causing the emergence and release of ARGs to the environment.
