在活的有機(jī)體內(nèi),,通過簡單的指令讓其他細(xì)胞類型轉(zhuǎn)化為那些已經(jīng)損失的細(xì)胞,,從而修復(fù)受損的組織或器官不是很好嗎?根據(jù)美國科學(xué)家日前發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的一項新的研究結(jié)果,這一切是有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的,。
針對蠑螈、蛙類和魚類的再生研究顯示,,當(dāng)成熟細(xì)胞恢復(fù)為前體細(xì)胞后便又能夠重現(xiàn)胚胎調(diào)節(jié)因子的作用,。從這些發(fā)現(xiàn)中得到了靈感,美國哈佛大學(xué)干細(xì)胞研究所的Douglas A. Melton和同事研究了在成熟外分泌細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)發(fā)育調(diào)節(jié)因子的表達(dá),,從而在活的有機(jī)體內(nèi)將它們重新轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐葝uβ細(xì)胞(分泌胰島素的胰腺細(xì)胞)的可能性,。
利用原位雜交,研究人員確定了在成熟β細(xì)胞和它們的直接前驅(qū)物中表達(dá)的9種候選轉(zhuǎn)錄因子——當(dāng)它們產(chǎn)生突變時,,會在β細(xì)胞中導(dǎo)致發(fā)育缺陷,。他們利用腺病毒載體——同時表達(dá)核子綠色熒光蛋白(GFP)——將這些因子植入成熟小鼠的外分泌細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致GFP陽性胰島素分泌細(xì)胞的數(shù)量在被處理的嚙齒動物體內(nèi)的增加,。
為了搞清哪些因子是這種程序重調(diào)所必需的,,研究人員每次都會從中去掉一個因子,,并同時重復(fù)一遍實(shí)驗。而這種程序重調(diào)的功效隨著因子的逐一去除而不斷增加,,研究人員隨之識別出了3種基因(Ngn3,、Pdx1和Mafa),它們足以將超過20%的被處理的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為胰島素分泌細(xì)胞,。
接下來,,研究人員在具有遺傳標(biāo)記成熟外分泌細(xì)胞的動物體內(nèi)表達(dá)了這3種因子,結(jié)果顯示,,只有外分泌細(xì)胞被轉(zhuǎn)化了,。除此之外,還有一些新β細(xì)胞在轉(zhuǎn)化過程中出現(xiàn)了分裂,,但它們并沒有表現(xiàn)出前體細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記,,這意味著,在活的有機(jī)體中,,從外分泌細(xì)胞向β細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化對于多能細(xì)胞的狀態(tài)并沒有直接的逆轉(zhuǎn),。
轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞的大小及超微結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)生β細(xì)胞類似,并且被表達(dá)的基因?qū)τ?beta;細(xì)胞的內(nèi)分泌功能而言是必需的,,例如基因編碼血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子,,通過促進(jìn)血管發(fā)生重構(gòu)從而推動了胰島素向循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的釋放。這一點(diǎn)通過轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞周圍的血管生成得到了證實(shí),。
利用具有化學(xué)消融胰島β細(xì)胞的糖尿病小鼠,,Melton和同事通過病毒傳遞了轉(zhuǎn)化因子。經(jīng)過處理的小鼠包含有大量的轉(zhuǎn)化β細(xì)胞,,能夠在活的有機(jī)體內(nèi)分泌胰島素,,并且在抑制血糖水平上表現(xiàn)出了長時間的改善。因此成熟胰腺外分泌細(xì)胞能夠在活的有機(jī)體內(nèi)直接轉(zhuǎn)化為功能β細(xì)胞,,至少在小鼠體內(nèi)是這樣,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 455, 627-632 (2 October 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature07314
In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to β-cells
Qiao Zhou1, Juliana Brown2, Andrew Kanarek1, Jayaraj Rajagopal1 & Douglas A. Melton1
1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
2 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5724, USA
Abstract
One goal of regenerative medicine is to instructively convert adult cells into other cell types for tissue repair and regeneration. Although isolated examples of adult cell reprogramming are known, there is no general understanding of how to turn one cell type into another in a controlled manner. Here, using a strategy of re-expressing key developmental regulators in vivo, we identify a specific combination of three transcription factors (Ngn3 (also known as Neurog3) Pdx1 and Mafa) that reprograms differentiated pancreatic exocrine cells in adult mice into cells that closely resemble -cells. The induced -cells are indistinguishable from endogenous islet β-cells in size, shape and ultrastructure. They express genes essential for β-cell function and can ameliorate hyperglycaemia by remodelling local vasculature and secreting insulin. This study provides an example of cellular reprogramming using defined factors in an adult organ and suggests a general paradigm for directing cell reprogramming without reversion to a pluripotent stem cell state.