來(lái)自美國(guó)威斯康辛州大學(xué)遺傳學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)系,,日本東京大學(xué)等處的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種可以防止細(xì)胞衰老的關(guān)鍵酶,這有利于解釋許多導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)衰老的現(xiàn)象,,也可以幫助研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)抗衰老的藥物,。這一研究成果公布在Cell雜志上。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一研究的是威斯康辛州大學(xué)John M. Denu和Tomas A. Prolla,,其中后者Tomas A. Prolla從事基因抗衰老研究多年,,致力于解析營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,熱量限制與老化之間的關(guān)聯(lián),,并且發(fā)表了多篇文章,,比如在Science雜志上曾在恒河猴上通過(guò)基因調(diào)控控制衰老的速度。
早在20世紀(jì)30年代,,美國(guó)科學(xué)家Mckay就發(fā)現(xiàn),,限制大鼠喂食可延長(zhǎng)其壽命。后續(xù)研究表明,,這種壽命延長(zhǎng)作用與食物成分無(wú)關(guān),,而與食物中的卡路里(熱量)含量有關(guān),因此這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為“卡路里限制”或“飲食限制”。
之后麻省理工學(xué)院Lenny Guarente及其同事用酵母菌進(jìn)行衰老研究,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)酵母菌中的Sir2基因有重要的調(diào)節(jié)衰老作用,,不僅如此,Sir2還能被卡路里限制激活,,從而介導(dǎo)卡路里限制的抗衰老作用,。高等生物有7個(gè)與Sir2類(lèi)似的Sirtuin基因(Sirt1-7),其中Sirt1,、Sirt6和Sirt7的蛋白產(chǎn)物存在于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),,Sirt2編碼的蛋白通常在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),而Sirt3,、Sirt4和Sirt5的產(chǎn)物則位于線粒體內(nèi),。Sir2及其相關(guān)蛋白具有煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依賴(lài)性組蛋白去乙酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性,。
最新的這篇文章中,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了另外一種Sirtuin基因:Sirt3表達(dá)的酶的重要作用,這也是首次獲得了明確的證據(jù)證實(shí)Sirtuin在哺乳動(dòng)物中的抗衰老作用,。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這種酶能對(duì)線粒體產(chǎn)生了影響——在低卡路里條件下,,Sirt3酶水平增高,通過(guò)影響線粒體改變了新陳代謝,,并減少了氧自由基生成,。我們都知道自由基會(huì)傷害細(xì)胞,加速老化,,導(dǎo)致皮膚變粗,、變皺、下垂,,關(guān)節(jié)也會(huì)愈來(lái)愈僵硬,。因此研究人員認(rèn)為Sirt3是一種重要的抗衰老元素。
一些活動(dòng),,比如抽煙,,吃煎炸類(lèi)食物,細(xì)菌感染,,壓力過(guò)大都會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)量自由基,,多吃富含抗氧化物質(zhì)的綠色葉菜類(lèi)、全麥面包等則可中和自由基,,減少自由基的傷害,。
另外各種Sirtuin家族成員都具有重要的代謝調(diào)控功能,比如Sirt1通過(guò)修飾底物PGC-1α,、FOXO1,、轉(zhuǎn)錄信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子與激活因子(STAT)3及CREB調(diào)節(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)錄共激活子(CRTC)2調(diào)控肝臟葡萄糖的產(chǎn)生,,還能通過(guò)肝臟X受體(LXR)調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇及脂肪代謝平衡,此外,,Sirt1還能通過(guò)激活磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)來(lái)調(diào)控肝臟功能,。
Sirtuin基因表達(dá)及活性受到飲食攝入、環(huán)境溫度,、晝夜節(jié)律和氧化應(yīng)激等影響,。此外,Sirtuin可以去除多種底物蛋白的乙?;鶊F(tuán),,從而調(diào)節(jié)其底物蛋白的功能。僅Sirt1底物蛋白至今已被發(fā)現(xiàn)多于40個(gè),,包括腫瘤抑制基因p53,、叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(FOXO)、核因子(NF)κB和共激活因子1α(PGC-1α),。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
Cell doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.002
Sirt3 Mediates Reduction of Oxidative Damage and Prevention of Age-Related Hearing Loss under Caloric Restriction
Shinichi Someya1, 3, 5, Wei Yu2, 5, William C. Hallows2, Jinze Xu4, James M. Vann1, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh4, Masaru Tanokura3, John M. Denu2, , and Tomas A. Prolla1, ,
1 Departments of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
2 Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
3 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
4 Department of Aging and Geriatrics and The Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Caloric restriction (CR) extends the life span and health span of a variety of species and slows the progression of age-related hearing loss (AHL), a common age-related disorder associated with oxidative stress. Here, we report that CR reduces oxidative DNA damage in multiple tissues and prevents AHL in wild-type mice but fails to modify these phenotypes in mice lacking the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3, a member of the sirtuin family. In response to CR, Sirt3 directly deacetylates and activates mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2), leading to increased NADPH levels and an increased ratio of reduced-to-oxidized glutathione in mitochondria. In cultured cells, overexpression of Sirt3 and/or Idh2 increases NADPH levels and protects from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Therefore, our findings identify Sirt3 as an essential player in enhancing the mitochondrial glutathione antioxidant defense system during CR and suggest that Sirt3-dependent mitochondrial adaptations may be a central mechanism of aging retardation in mammals.