LSD1是一種組蛋白去甲基酶,,作用在組蛋白H3特異性賴氨酸殘基上從而改變?nèi)旧wDNA上基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。LSD1蛋白包含一個位于氨基末端的SWIRM結(jié)構(gòu)域,、一個特殊的雙螺旋(coiled-coil)塔結(jié)構(gòu)和一個含F(xiàn)AD的胺氧化酶結(jié)構(gòu)域,。
一個有缺陷的操作系統(tǒng)絕不是一件好事情,。就像計算機一樣,,我們的細(xì)胞依賴于操作系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)正常功能運行?;虮磉_(dá)程序由我們的細(xì)胞依賴的軟件代碼組成,而且每種細(xì)胞類型由它自己的程序所控制,。遭受破壞的程序能夠促發(fā)疾病,。
細(xì)胞操作系統(tǒng)能夠被病毒,、突變或當(dāng)細(xì)胞從一種類型變成另一種類型時產(chǎn)生的功能失常所破壞,。不像計算機能夠使用一個操作系統(tǒng)作為全部存在,,分化中細(xì)胞成熟---比如從干細(xì)胞分化為神經(jīng)細(xì)胞或者肌細(xì)胞---時需要切換操作系統(tǒng)。簡單而言,,分化需要兩種關(guān)鍵性步驟:在初始操作系統(tǒng)中有活性的基因必須失活,;新操作系統(tǒng)中的基因必須開啟。如果這種轉(zhuǎn)換有瑕疵的話,,過渡細(xì)胞(transitioning cell)可能發(fā)生死亡或者由一種導(dǎo)致疾病的程序驅(qū)動產(chǎn)生,。
美國白頭山研究所科學(xué)家開展的新研究揭示一種酶賴氨酸特異性去甲基酶1(lysine-specific demethylase 1, LSD1)在胚胎干細(xì)胞分化為其他細(xì)胞類型時發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵性作用。他們的研究結(jié)果在線發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上,。
已知LSD1在發(fā)育上起著關(guān)鍵性作用,但是在操作系統(tǒng)切換時它在分化期間所起的關(guān)鍵作用人們知之甚少,。
這篇論文的作者Steve Bilodeau是白頭山研究所成員Richard Young實驗室的一名博士后研究員,。他說,“但是這項研究證實關(guān)閉在之前細(xì)胞狀態(tài)中有活性的基因也是至關(guān)重要的,。如果不能關(guān)閉,,新細(xì)胞便遭受破壞。”
通過研究細(xì)胞狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變期間所發(fā)生的基因沉默,,Bilodeau和這篇《自然》研究論文的共同作者Warren Whyte重新確定了LSD1的作用和描述了一種之前人們不知道的沉默基因的機制。
當(dāng)他們研究分化期間必須被關(guān)閉的胚胎干細(xì)胞操作系統(tǒng)基因時,,Whyte和Bilodeau發(fā)現(xiàn)LSD1結(jié)合到干細(xì)胞基因增強子---一小段DNA片段,,能夠被增強基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)的蛋白所結(jié)合。當(dāng)LSD1接收導(dǎo)致干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦臃只募?xì)胞狀態(tài)的信號時,,它發(fā)揮作用并且沉默胚胎干細(xì)胞基因的增強子,。當(dāng)它們的增強子不再起作用時,干細(xì)胞基因轉(zhuǎn)錄被沉默,,從而關(guān)閉干細(xì)胞操作系統(tǒng),。當(dāng)這發(fā)生時,細(xì)胞的新操作系統(tǒng)其他機制便被開啟,。
Whyte說,,“這揭示LSD1在細(xì)胞分化上所起的關(guān)鍵性功能。這種酶解除干細(xì)胞增強子的功能,,因而允許新細(xì)胞完全在新操作系統(tǒng)參數(shù)內(nèi)發(fā)揮功能,。”
盡管這項研究集中研究一種酶在正常細(xì)胞中所起的作用,但是Young看到更廣的應(yīng)用,。LSD1是一種調(diào)節(jié)基因活性和染色體結(jié)構(gòu)的分子,,因此關(guān)于LSD1的這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能為相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)物如何發(fā)揮功能提供啟示。而且,,知道一種機制如何在正常細(xì)胞中起作用將為找出是什么導(dǎo)致異常細(xì)胞出錯提供堅實的基礎(chǔ),。
Young說,,“這些新知識將為我們理解在諸如癌癥之類疾病中有缺陷的操作系統(tǒng)更進(jìn)一步。這可能給我們在開發(fā)治療這些疾病的藥物提供新視角,。” (生物谷:towersimper編譯)
doi:10.1038/nature10805
PMC:
PMID:
Enhancer Decommissioning by LSD1 During Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
Warren A. Whyte, Steve Bilodeau, David A. Orlando, Heather A. Hoke, Garrett M. Frampton, Charles T. Foster, Shaun M. Cowley & Richard A. Young
Transcription factors and chromatin modifiers are important in the programming and reprogramming of cellular states during development. Transcription factors bind to enhancer elements and recruit coactivators and chromatin-modifying enzymes to facilitate transcription initiation. During differentiation a subset of these enhancers must be silenced, but the mechanisms underlying enhancer silencing are poorly understood. Here we show that the histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; ref. 5), which demethylates histone H3 on Lys 4 or Lys 9 (H3K4/K9), is essential in decommissioning enhancers during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). LSD1 occupies enhancers of active genes that are critical for control of the state of ESCs. However, LSD1 is not essential for the maintenance of ESC identity. Instead, ESCs lacking LSD1 activity fail to differentiate fully, and ESC-specific enhancers fail to undergo the histone demethylation events associated with differentiation. At active enhancers, LSD1 is a component of the NuRD (nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase) complex, which contains additional subunits that are necessary for ESC differentiation. We propose that the LSD1–NuRD complex decommissions enhancers of the pluripotency program during differentiation, which is essential for the complete shutdown of the ESC gene expression program and the transition to new cell states.