在多細(xì)胞形成組織的時(shí)候,細(xì)胞之間會(huì)進(jìn)行交流從而做出決定:細(xì)胞將會(huì)形成什么樣的組織,。Notch信號(hào)系統(tǒng)使得血液中各種類(lèi)型的細(xì)胞間進(jìn)行直接的交流,。近日,,來(lái)自加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校癌癥中心的科學(xué)家首次揭示了細(xì)胞間相互反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械應(yīng)力對(duì)于Notch信號(hào)系統(tǒng)的程序化至關(guān)重要。
這項(xiàng)研究之前,,有研究推測(cè)基于Notch途徑的細(xì)胞間可以互相牽拉,,打開(kāi)并且激活Notch途徑。如今科學(xué)家的這項(xiàng)研究于5月31日刊登在了國(guó)際著名雜志Developmental Cell上,。
研究者Weinmaster表示,,他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用了一種光學(xué)的鑷子來(lái)測(cè)量細(xì)胞跳躍至Notch途徑時(shí)的機(jī)械應(yīng)力。通過(guò)生化及細(xì)胞生物學(xué)的分析,,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)牽拉Notch可以運(yùn)輸信息來(lái)構(gòu)建特殊的細(xì)胞間效應(yīng),。
在正常狀態(tài)下,Notch被折疊了起來(lái),,以一種未激活的形式存在,;一旦暴露,就會(huì)激活細(xì)胞間的信號(hào)傳遞,。配體細(xì)胞可以拉動(dòng)Notch以引發(fā)細(xì)胞間的相互反應(yīng),。研究者試圖獲得證據(jù),證明配體細(xì)胞可以通過(guò)產(chǎn)生拉力來(lái)引發(fā)Notch細(xì)胞間進(jìn)行反應(yīng),,完成信號(hào)傳遞,。為了檢測(cè)這種拉力,研究者用Notch的小珠子取代了Notch細(xì)胞,,這樣可以被鐳射光捕獲到而且可以接觸到配體細(xì)胞,,研究者表示,,如果細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生機(jī)械力,就可以取代這種小珠,,進(jìn)而就可以測(cè)得這種機(jī)械力,。
這項(xiàng)研究同時(shí)也清楚地闡明了細(xì)胞發(fā)生吞噬現(xiàn)象激活細(xì)胞的信號(hào)通路是Notch所特有的。研究者M(jìn)eloty-Kapella表示,,我們的研究提供了強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù),,配體胞吞可以產(chǎn)生力量來(lái)牽拉Notch,并且識(shí)別出了在激活細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路中胞吞作用的一個(gè)新的角色,。配體胞吞是為了產(chǎn)生機(jī)械應(yīng)力最終來(lái)激活Notch途徑,。未來(lái)研究者們計(jì)劃具體測(cè)定分離Notch途徑的機(jī)械力,并且直觀地指示激活Notch途徑的機(jī)械力,。(生物谷:T.Shen編譯)
doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.04.007
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Optical Tweezers Studies on Notch: Single-Molecule Interaction Strength Is Independent of Ligand Endocytosis
Bhupinder Shergill, Laurence Meloty-Kapella, Abdiwahab A. Musse, Gerry Weinmaster, Elliot Botvinick
Notch signaling controls diverse cellular processes critical to development and disease. Cell surface ligands bind Notch on neighboring cells but require endocytosis to activate signaling. The role ligand endocytosis plays in Notch activation has not been established. Here we integrate optical tweezers with cell biological and biochemical methods to test the prevailing model that ligand endocytosis facilitates recycling to enhance ligand interactions with Notch necessary to trigger signaling. Specifically, single-molecule measurements indicate that interference of ligand endocytosis and/or recycling does not alter the force required to rupture bonds formed between cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (Dll1) and laser-trapped Notch1 beads. Together, our analyses eliminate roles for ligand endocytosis and recycling in Dll1-Notch1 interactions and indicate that recycling indirectly affects signaling by regulating the accumulation of cell surface ligand. Importantly, our study demonstrates the utility of optical tweezers to test a role for ligand endocytosis in generating cell-mediated mechanical force.