染色體(左)是緊密濃縮的和不規(guī)則折疊的核小體纖維組成的,。
根據(jù)一項(xiàng)最新的研究,,在細(xì)胞分裂期間,人基因組中的DNA被組裝成不規(guī)則折疊的纖維,。
DNA纏繞在組蛋白周?chē)纬珊诵◇w纖維,,接著被稱(chēng)作集縮素蛋白(condensin)的大型蛋白復(fù)合體將核小體纖維緊密壓縮成染色體。之前的很多研究提示著核小體被組裝成規(guī)則性的直徑為30納米的纖維結(jié)構(gòu),,從而使得人們提出經(jīng)典的染色體組裝模型,。然而,其他的研究提示著這些規(guī)則性的纖維結(jié)構(gòu)只存在于特定細(xì)胞類(lèi)型中,。
為了解決這些相互沖突的結(jié)果,,來(lái)自日本理化學(xué)研究所的Kazuhiro Maeshima和同事們研究了處于有絲分裂過(guò)程中的HeLa細(xì)胞的染色體結(jié)構(gòu),并且在研究中,,他們使用了三種不同的技術(shù):低溫電子顯微鏡(cryo-electron microscopy),、小角X射線散射(small-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS)和超小角X射線散射(ultra-small X-ray scattering, USAXS)。
這三種技術(shù)都產(chǎn)生前后一致性的研究結(jié)果,。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,每相隔大約11納米而不是更長(zhǎng)的距離,就能夠檢測(cè)到重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)(repeating structure),這就提示著染色質(zhì)就好像是由一條不規(guī)則折疊的繩子上的一串珠子組裝而成的,。USAXS方法進(jìn)一步揭示染色體擁有一種分形性質(zhì):同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)按照不同的大小進(jìn)行重復(fù),,因而這些結(jié)構(gòu)排列成桿狀。
為此,,Maeshima和同事們提出兩種可能的解釋,。第一種就是集縮素蛋白結(jié)合到DNA上的特異性位點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致它形成自我組裝環(huán)(self-assembling loop),,這些環(huán)彼此之間相互作用從而沿著染色體的軸,,產(chǎn)生重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)。另一種解釋就是,,規(guī)律性重復(fù)的環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)單獨(dú)可能就足以產(chǎn)生觀察到的桿狀排布,,這是因?yàn)橄噜彽沫h(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)之間存在排斥力。
研究人員預(yù)測(cè),,不規(guī)則的折疊將使得染色體更加靈活:這種類(lèi)型的組裝要比規(guī)則性的結(jié)構(gòu)存在更少的物理限制,,這也提示著不規(guī)則折疊在細(xì)胞分裂間期或者未發(fā)生分裂的細(xì)胞中比較常見(jiàn),因?yàn)樗沟肦NA轉(zhuǎn)錄分子機(jī)構(gòu)和DNA復(fù)制分子結(jié)構(gòu)更加容易接觸DNA,。(生物谷:Bioon.com)
本文編譯自Findings from quantitative analysis of chromatin structure challenge classical model of static regularity
doi: 10.1038/emboj.2012.35
PMC:
PMID:
Human mitotic chromosomes consist predominantly of irregularly folded nucleosome fibres without a 30-nm chromatin structure
Yoshinori Nishino1,2,9, Mikhail Eltsov3,9, Yasumasa Joti4,9, Kazuki Ito1,9, Hideaki Takata5, Yukio Takahashi1,6, Saera Hihara5,7, Achilleas S Frangakis3, Naoko Imamoto8, Tetsuya Ishikawa1,4 and Kazuhiro Maeshima
THow a long strand of genomic DNA is compacted into a mitotic chromosome remains one of the basic questions in biology. The nucleosome fibre, in which DNA is wrapped around core histones, has long been assumed to be folded into a 30-nm chromatin fibre and further hierarchical regular structures to form mitotic chromosomes, although the actual existence of these regular structures is controversial. Here, we show that human mitotic HeLa chromosomes are mainly composed of irregularly folded nucleosome fibres rather than 30-nm chromatin fibres. Our comprehensive and quantitative study using cryo-electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray scattering resolved the long-standing contradictions regarding the existence of 30-nm chromatin structures and detected no regular structure >11 nm. Our finding suggests that the mitotic chromosome consists of irregularly arranged nucleosome fibres, with a fractal nature, which permits a more dynamic and flexible genome organization than would be allowed by static regular structures.