來(lái)自杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院細(xì)胞生物學(xué)系,耶魯大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院耶魯干細(xì)胞中心及細(xì)胞生物學(xué)系的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同于已知的表觀遺傳沉默中的Piwi和RNA介導(dǎo)的沉默途徑的功能——他們識(shí)別出了果蠅中12,903個(gè)piRNAs(Piwi-interacting RNAs ),,并描述了其特征,,首次提出piRNAs在基因功能調(diào)控方面扮演著重要角色。這一研究成果公布在《自然》雜志上,。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)此次研究的是杜克大學(xué)最年輕的一位終身教授,,去年被聘為耶魯大學(xué)干細(xì)胞項(xiàng)目主任的林海帆教授,,其早年畢業(yè)于復(fù)旦大學(xué),為首屆復(fù)旦獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金得主,。之后于康奈爾大學(xué)攻讀博士,,期間開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)與導(dǎo)師研究方向截然不同的課題,由此發(fā)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)啟動(dòng)胚胎細(xì)胞分裂的基因。這些研究成果被廣泛報(bào)道,。1994年獲9所大學(xué)聘請(qǐng)任教,,受聘于杜克大學(xué)。多次回國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)交流,,在中國(guó)科學(xué)院、北京大學(xué)、清華大學(xué),、復(fù)旦大學(xué)、廈門(mén)大學(xué),、上海第二醫(yī)科大學(xué)訪問(wèn)講學(xué),。曾受朱镕基總理等國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人接見(jiàn),2006年8月又入選浙江省的“為國(guó)服務(wù)十大杰出海外留學(xué)人士”,。
2006年,,冷泉港實(shí)驗(yàn)室及洛克菲勒大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)表在6月4日的《自然》網(wǎng)絡(luò)版上提出了piRNAs的概念,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)千種不同的哺乳動(dòng)物小分子RNA的一個(gè)新成員——piRNAs(Piwi-interacting RNAs),,該種小RNA在小鼠精子發(fā)育中普遍存在,,并起到了重要作用。
緊接著林海帆教授領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了在精子形成(spermiogenesis)過(guò)程中大量表達(dá)的非編碼小RNA——PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs),,這說(shuō)明在胞質(zhì)核蛋白(cytosolic ribonucleoprotein)和多核糖體片段(polysomal fractions)中MIWI與piRNAs,,以及mRNA有關(guān)聯(lián)。這些研究成果陸續(xù)發(fā)表在美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊(PNAS)及《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》(Current Biology)上,。
細(xì)胞間期核中染色質(zhì)可分為異染色質(zhì)(heterochromatin)和常染色質(zhì)(euchromatin),。常染色質(zhì)是進(jìn)行活躍轉(zhuǎn)錄的部位,呈疏松的環(huán)狀,,電鏡下表現(xiàn)為淺染,;易被核酸酶在一些敏感的位點(diǎn)(hypersensitive sites)降解。異染色質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)是:在間期核中處于凝縮狀態(tài),,無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,,也叫非活動(dòng)染色質(zhì)(inactive chromatin);是遺傳惰性區(qū),;在細(xì)胞周期中表現(xiàn)為晚復(fù)制,、早凝縮,即異固縮現(xiàn)象(heteropycnosis),。
在異染色質(zhì)中包含了大量富集轉(zhuǎn)座子(transposon)和高度重復(fù)的序列,,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)果蠅異染色質(zhì)組成和轉(zhuǎn)錄沉默與Piwi(P-element induced wimpy testis),,以及重復(fù)siRNA(repeat-associated small interfering RNAs ,rasiRNAs)相關(guān),。但是rasiRNA表達(dá)中的Piwi的作用,,和異染色質(zhì)沉默的功能仍然不得而知。
在這篇文章中,,研究人員識(shí)別出了果蠅中12,903個(gè)Piwi作用RNAs(Piwi-interacting RNAs,,piRNAs),并描述了其特征,,認(rèn)為rasiRNAs屬于piRNAs的一個(gè)亞集,。同時(shí)研究人員也發(fā)現(xiàn)Piwi能促進(jìn)染色體3的右臂上次尾端(subtelomeric)異染色質(zhì)(也稱(chēng)為端粒相關(guān)序列,TAS,,即全稱(chēng)為3R-TAS)上常染色質(zhì)組蛋白修飾,,以及piRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄。
林表示,,“這對(duì)于干細(xì)胞維持自我更新是十分重要的,,這些小RNAs也許能為研究干細(xì)胞的行為,以及其它疾病相關(guān)的生物過(guò)程提供新的工具,。”
進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)piwi突變型中3R-TAS失去了常染色體組蛋白修飾,,而且3R-TAS1 piRNA和3R-TAS上一種whiter受體基因的表達(dá)也受到了抑制。而P element插入到3R-TAS1piRNA編碼序列下游的128堿基對(duì)位置則可以逆轉(zhuǎn)3R-TAS的常染色體組蛋白修飾,,以及piwi突變型中3R-TAS1piRNA的表達(dá),。
這些研究說(shuō)明Piwi促進(jìn)了3R-TAS異染色質(zhì)中常染色質(zhì)特性,以及其轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,,這不同于已知的表觀遺傳沉默中的Piwi和RNA介導(dǎo)的沉默途徑的功能,,研究人員也指出這些活性功能也許是通過(guò)3R-TAS1piRNA相互作用獲得,而且對(duì)于生殖干細(xì)胞(germline stem-cell)的維持是必要的,。
林認(rèn)為,,“這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了piRNAs,以及垃圾DNA在干細(xì)胞分裂過(guò)程中起著令人驚訝的作用”,,“鞭策生物學(xué)家尋找隱藏在占基因組99%的垃圾DNA后的秘密,。”
原始出處:
Nature advance online publication 21 October 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06263; Received 28 May 2007; Accepted 17 September 2007; Published online 21 October 2007
An epigenetic activation role of Piwi and a Piwi-associated piRNA in Drosophila melanogaster
Hang Yin1,2 & Haifan Lin1,2
Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06509, USA
Correspondence to: Haifan Lin1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.L. (Email: [email protected]).
Heterochromatin, representing the silenced state of transcription, consists largely of transposon-enriched and highly repetitive sequences. Implicated in heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing in Drosophila are Piwi (P-element induced wimpy testis)1, 2 and repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs)3, 4, 5. Despite this, the role of Piwi in rasiRNA expression and heterochromatic silencing remains unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of 12,903 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in Drosophila, showing that rasiRNAs represent a subset of piRNAs. We also show that Piwi promotes euchromatic histone modifications and piRNA transcription in subtelomeric heterochromatin (also known as telomere-associated sequence, or TAS), on the right arm of chromosome 3 (3R-TAS). Piwi binds to 3R-TAS and a piRNA uniquely mapped to 3R-TAS (3R-TAS1 piRNA). In piwi mutants, 3R-TAS loses euchromatic histone modifications yet accumulates heterochromatic histone modifications and Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a). Furthermore, the expression of both the 3R-TAS1 piRNA and a white reporter gene in 3R-TAS becomes suppressed. A P element inserted 128 base pairs downstream of the 3R-TAS1 piRNA coding sequence restores the euchromatic histone modifications of 3R-TAS and the expression of 3R-TAS1 piRNA in piwi mutants, as well as partly rescuing their defects in germline stem-cell maintenance. These observations suggest that Piwi promotes the euchromatic character of 3R-TAS heterochromatin and its transcriptional activity, opposite to the known roles of Piwi and the RNA-mediated interference pathway in epigenetic silencing. This activating function is probably achieved through interaction with at least 3R-TAS1 piRNA and is essential for germline stem-cell maintenance.