生物谷報道:生物體中,,蛋白質(zhì)制造過程細胞所發(fā)生的小錯誤都可能導(dǎo)致深遠的致病效應(yīng)。但是,,人們對細胞用于校正錯誤的過程還不完全清楚,。美國Scripp研究所得研究人員近期的一項研究揭示出了這種編輯過程的兩種令人驚訝的新方法。這項研究的結(jié)果刊登在1月3日的《自然》雜志上,,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這個研究組的Paul Schimmel教授表示,,新發(fā)現(xiàn)將有助于確定出一系列疾病的潛在病因,,并可能找到糾正這些錯誤的方法。
制造蛋白質(zhì)對生命來說至關(guān)重要,,但是該過程非常復(fù)雜,,包括很多參與成分。細胞中的mRNA充當?shù)鞍踪|(zhì)合成的指令,。核糖體則是閱讀這些指令并根據(jù)指令與攜帶氨基酸的tRNA(轉(zhuǎn)運RNA)結(jié)合的細胞機構(gòu),。在大多數(shù)情況下,一個單獨,、特殊形式的tRNA只與一個單獨的氨基酸結(jié)合,,并且一種叫做合成酶的生物酶負責(zé)將兩者連接起來。
在非常罕見的情況下,,tRNA會與錯誤的氨基酸結(jié)合,。如果這種錯誤(或者叫做錯誤翻譯)沒有被校正,那么錯誤翻譯的氨基酸最終被整合到一個蛋白質(zhì)中,。
Schimmel研究組過去的研究證實,,摻雜上一個錯誤的氨基酸能夠?qū)?a href="http://hnhlg.com/news/list-54.html" target="_blank">健康產(chǎn)生深遠影響。
之前,,這個領(lǐng)域的研究者普遍認為識別并將tRNA與相對應(yīng)的氨基酸結(jié)合的和成酶部分非常精確,,因此需要little editing。Little editing過程被認為與進行識別和結(jié)合的這種合成酶中的同一個檢查點相關(guān),。
但是這項新的研究則顯示,,人們需要接收新的觀念,至少是對一種廣泛研究的酶來說是這樣,。這種合成酶存在于從細菌到人類的各種生物中,,能夠與丙胺酸結(jié)合。
Schimmel研究組的研究揭示出,,這種酶中一個完全不同的部分充當負責(zé)鑒定錯誤翻譯并移除除丙胺酸外的任何其他氨基酸的第二個檢查點(checkpoint),。引人注意的是,這種酶的第二個區(qū)域的活性主要是作用于第一個檢查點使用的tRNA的遺傳密碼中完全相同的兩個核苷酸,,即鳥嘌呤和尿嘧啶(G3·U70),。
研究人員證實這種編輯檢查點在于該酶的其他部分分離時也能從丙胺酸t(yī)RNA中有效清除掉錯誤翻譯的氨基酸。進一步的實驗揭示出,,當G3·
U70堿基對北翻譯成不同類型的tRNA時,,這種編輯單元仍然能夠移除一個非丙胺酸氨基酸——這清楚地表明,這個堿基對市這種活性的觸發(fā)開關(guān),。
此外,,研究人員還獲得了一項驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞基因組中具有與賴氨酸合成中第二個檢查點具有非常相似的遺傳序列的獨立區(qū)域(其功能長期以來存在爭議)能夠在試管中獨立移除錯誤翻譯的氨基酸。這意味著,,這個片斷可以充當另外一個檢查點來確保蛋白質(zhì)能夠正確合成,。這個叫做AlaXp的獨立區(qū)域(freestanding domain)也靶向G3·U70堿基對。
AlaXp是否確實在細胞中進行蛋白質(zhì)編輯還不能肯定,,并且也不清楚它們?nèi)绾瓮瓿蛇@項功能,。但是,這項研究則顯示出人類揭開這一系列謎團的巨大可能性,。
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 451, 90-93 (3 January 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature06454; Received 28 August 2007; Accepted 7 November 2007
Distinct domains of tRNA synthetase recognize the same base pair
Kirk Beebe1,2, Marissa Mock1,2, Eve Merriman1 & Paul Schimmel1
Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Paul Schimmel1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.S. (Email: [email protected]).
Synthesis of proteins containing errors (mistranslation) is prevented by aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases through their accurate aminoacylation of cognate tRNAs and their ability to correct occasional errors of aminoacylation by editing reactions1, 2, 3, 4, 5. A principal source of mistranslation comes from mistaking glycine or serine for alanine, which can lead to serious cell and animal pathologies, including neurodegeneration3. A single specific GU base pair (G3U70) marks a tRNA for aminoacylation by alanyl-tRNA synthetase6, 7, 8, 9. Mistranslation occurs when glycine or serine is joined to the G3U70-containing tRNAs, and is prevented by the editing activity that clears the mischarged amino acid. Previously it was assumed that the specificity for recognition of tRNAAla for editing was provided by the same structural determinants as used for aminoacylation. Here we show that the editing site of alanyl-tRNA synthetase, as an artificial recombinant fragment, targets mischarged tRNAAla using a structural motif unrelated to that for aminoacylation so that, remarkably, two motifs (one for aminoacylation and one for editing) in the same enzyme independently can provide determinants for tRNAAla recognition. The structural motif for editing is also found naturally in genome-encoded protein fragments that are widely distributed in evolution10, 11, 12. These also recognize mischarged tRNAAla. Thus, through evolution, three different complexes with the same tRNA can guard against mistaking glycine or serine for alanine.