細(xì)胞蛋白模板兩端的尾部常常被認(rèn)為是相對(duì)不重要的,,但實(shí)際上可能在防止正常細(xì)胞癌變的過(guò)程中起作用,。
這項(xiàng)由白頭生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(Whitehead Institute for Biomedical research)的科學(xué)家研究的成果發(fā)表在8月20日出版的細(xì)胞(Cell)雜志上,。
蛋白質(zhì)是由模板翻譯來(lái)的,,這些模板,,被稱為信使核糖核酸(mRNAs),,由三部分組成。中間部分決定編碼蛋白質(zhì)的序列,,而開(kāi)始和結(jié)束部分是我們通常認(rèn)為的不翻譯區(qū)域,,因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有翻譯成任何的蛋白質(zhì)。事實(shí)上,,開(kāi)始部分是蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物的起始位點(diǎn),,而尾部,被稱為3'UTR的部位,,似乎只是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的部分,。
一個(gè)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的所有過(guò)程都幾乎涉及到蛋白質(zhì)的使用,例如細(xì)胞分裂,、生物基本分子的運(yùn)輸,、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。由于細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物嚴(yán)格控制著和決定著細(xì)胞的類型和細(xì)胞的生命周期,,某些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物過(guò)高或過(guò)低的表達(dá)都可以改變正常細(xì)胞的功能,。這些變化包括賦予細(xì)胞惡性分裂和生長(zhǎng)的能力,這兩個(gè)能力正是定義癌細(xì)胞的兩種特征,。
Mayr將癌細(xì)胞與正常細(xì)胞的mRNA產(chǎn)物作對(duì)比,,她注意到,,癌癥細(xì)胞mRNA的尾部比正常細(xì)胞的尾部短。在某些情況下,,近95%的3'UTR的失蹤,。
事實(shí)上,與正常的mRNA相比,,這些mRNA能翻譯成2到40倍的蛋白質(zhì),。Mayr改變了正常的細(xì)胞使細(xì)胞內(nèi)一些特定的基因只產(chǎn)生縮短的mRNA,,這些細(xì)胞再次產(chǎn)生了該基因的大量蛋白質(zhì),,而且很多蛋白質(zhì)能使正常細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為癌癥樣細(xì)胞。
Mayr表示,,在正常細(xì)胞中,,基因調(diào)控與3'UTRs緊密相關(guān),而癌細(xì)胞能表達(dá)較短的沒(méi)有控制位點(diǎn)的mRNA,,由于沒(méi)有受到相應(yīng)的控制,,它能夠表達(dá)大量的蛋白質(zhì)。
雖然Mayr在短的3'UTRs和癌癥細(xì)胞之間建立了聯(lián)系,,但是這些細(xì)胞是如何縮短其mRNA的仍是一個(gè)謎,。
麻省理工學(xué)院生物學(xué)教授和霍華德休斯醫(yī)學(xué)研究所的研究員Bartel表示,下一步就是試圖解釋這一現(xiàn)象的機(jī)制,,導(dǎo)致癌癥細(xì)胞的3'UTRs變短必定有生化機(jī)制,,這些不確定物質(zhì)癌細(xì)胞有,而正常細(xì)胞沒(méi)有,,而現(xiàn)在,,這種生化原因尚不清楚。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell, Volume 138, Issue 4, 673-684, 21 August 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.016
Widespread Shortening of 3UTRs by Alternative Cleavage and Polyadenylation Activates Oncogenes in Cancer Cells
Christine Mayr1,2,3,4,,andDavid P. Bartel1,2,3,,
1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
2 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
3 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
In cancer cells, genetic alterations can activate proto-oncogenes, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. However, the protein products of oncogenes are sometimes overexpressed without alteration of the proto-oncogene. Helping to explain this phenomenon, we found that when compared to similarly proliferating nontransformed cell lines, cancer cell lines often expressed substantial amounts of mRNA isoforms with shorter 3 untranslated regions (UTRs). These shorter isoforms usually resulted from alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA). The APA had functional consequences, with the shorter mRNA isoforms exhibiting increased stability and typically producing ten-fold more protein, in part through the loss of microRNA-mediated repression. Moreover, expression of the shorter mRNA isoform of the proto-oncogene IGF2BP1/IMP-1 led to far more oncogenic transformation than did expression of the full-length, annotated mRNA. The high incidence of APA in cancer cells, with consequent loss of 3UTR repressive elements, suggests a pervasive role for APA in oncogene activation without genetic alteration.