像所有脊椎動物一樣,,蛇、小鼠和人類都有一個由塊塊椎骨形成的骨架,。但自頸部到尾部,,蛇從所用椎骨中延伸出來了200~400條肋骨,而小鼠只有13對肋骨,,人類是12對,,所有這些肋骨形成了胸廓。
葡萄牙古爾班基安科學研究所研究人員在最新出版的《發(fā)育細胞》上撰文指出,,與我們所認為的相反,,肋骨的形成不是脊椎動物的默認狀態(tài),實際上是基因Hox活性相對平衡的動態(tài)過程,。
一般認為,,小鼠胚胎中沒有肋骨的地方是由Hox10基因所驅動的肋骨抑制程序造成的,。過去有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,抑制小鼠胚胎Hox10基因后,小鼠長出了多余的肋骨,。然而,,激活小鼠胚胎無肋骨部位的Hox6基因發(fā)現(xiàn),在小鼠頸部和胸廓以后,,直到尾部也長出了肋骨,,有點像蛇的骨架。
“研究結果明確表明,,這兩種基因相互平衡:一種是促進肋骨在胸部形成,,另一種是阻止肋骨在腰部形成。”
研究人員把這兩種基因的作用分開來研究有了另一個驚人發(fā)現(xiàn):整個過程首先要激活胚胎里所謂的肌肉基因,,通過該基因開啟“肋骨”基因,,然后再形成肋骨和肌肉。
研究所揭示的是一個超出我們想象的復雜過程,,也是一個從功能和進化角度講有完美意義的過程,。對于只形成肌肉而不形成肋骨自然不好,所以在胚胎中,,肋骨和它所附屬的肌肉是在同一種信號和協(xié)調機制下產生的,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Developmental Cell doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.02.011
Evidence for a Myotomal Hox/Myf Cascade Governing Nonautonomous Control of Rib Specification within Global Vertebral Domains
Tania Vinagre, Natalia Moncaut, Marta Carapu?o, Ana Nóvoa, Joana Bom, Moisés Mallo
Hox genes are essential for the patterning of the axial skeleton. Hox group 10 has been shown to specify the lumbar domain by setting a rib-inhibiting program in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). We have now produced mice with ribs in every vertebra by ectopically expressing Hox group 6 in the PSM, indicating that Hox genes are also able to specify the thoracic domain. We show that the information provided by Hox genes to specify rib-containing and rib-less areas is first interpreted in the myotome through the regional-specific control of Myf5 and Myf6 expression. This information is then transmitted to the sclerotome by a system that includes FGF and PDGF signaling to produce vertebrae with or without ribs at different axial levels. Our findings offer a new perspective of how Hox genes produce global patterns in the axial skeleton and support a redundant nonmyogenic role of Myf5 and Myf6 in rib formation.