人類與流感的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),,從未停止過。流感病毒就像一個(gè)難以捉摸的對(duì)手,,它有時(shí)微不足道,,有時(shí)卻又十分致命。人類從未遠(yuǎn)離它,,但又難以認(rèn)識(shí)它,。
進(jìn)入分子生物學(xué)時(shí)代,科學(xué)家借助新的實(shí)驗(yàn)手段,,終于能深入這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的腹地,,摸清這個(gè)敵人的樣貌,。
2009年,,美籍青年科學(xué)家Christopher Jr Vavricka受中科院“外籍青年科學(xué)家計(jì)劃”資助,到中科院微生物所高福課題組開展博士后研究。兩年下來,,他同實(shí)驗(yàn)室成員一道,,在流感病毒與結(jié)構(gòu)免疫學(xué)方面取得了許多重要進(jìn)展,也為中科院國(guó)際科技合作注入了新的血液,。
10月21日,,《公共科學(xué)圖書館—病原學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表了Vavricka等人的最新研究,該研究第一次從蛋白水平上,,系統(tǒng)全面地比較了4種抗流感藥物對(duì)流感病毒上3種不同結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白的抑制效果和結(jié)合模式差異,。
保守的神經(jīng)氨酸酶
流感病毒的高度變異性,是人類難以攻克流感的關(guān)鍵,。
因此,,科學(xué)家們開始在千變?nèi)f化的流感病毒上尋求不變的地方。神經(jīng)氨酸酶(NA)是位于流感病毒囊膜表面的重要糖蛋白,,在病毒侵染末期催化新生病毒顆粒的釋放,,幫助病毒粒子遷移。
NA功能上的重要性和結(jié)構(gòu)上的保守性,,使它成為重要的藥物靶點(diǎn),。達(dá)菲(Oseltamivir)和樂感清(Zanamivir)就是根據(jù)NA結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的傳統(tǒng)靶向性抑制劑。
A型流感病毒的NA有9個(gè)血清型:N1~N9,,根據(jù)序列特點(diǎn),,它們可分為兩組:第一組(N1,N4,,N5和N8)和第二組(N2,,N3,N6,,N7和N9),。第一組和第二組NA最主要的區(qū)別在于第一組NA的酶活區(qū)域有一個(gè)150-洞。
在2009甲型H1N1大流感暴發(fā)之際,,微生物所高福研究員帶領(lǐng)課題組研究人員啟動(dòng)了對(duì)2009甲型H1N1大流感NA蛋白的相關(guān)研究,。
2010年,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,09N1序列上屬于第一組NA成員,,結(jié)構(gòu)上卻缺乏了第一組NA所特有的150-洞,該研究成果發(fā)表在《自然—結(jié)構(gòu)與分子生物學(xué)》上,。
高福課題組對(duì)流感病毒的深刻理解獲得了國(guó)內(nèi)外同行的廣泛關(guān)注,。Vavricka也應(yīng)邀在《科學(xué)通報(bào)》雜志上撰寫封面文章,對(duì)2009甲型H1N1流感病毒表面兩個(gè)重要蛋白——血凝素(HA)和NA的特點(diǎn)作了詳細(xì)分析,。
破解藥物作用奧秘
然而,,道高一尺,,魔高一丈。隨著達(dá)菲給藥的增多,,2009年8月14日,,香港出現(xiàn)了首例對(duì)達(dá)菲呈抗藥性的“甲流”病例。同年11月,,英美兩國(guó)在同一天報(bào)告了9例抗藥病例,。
耐藥毒株的出現(xiàn),加速了一些新型NA抑制劑的研發(fā),。2010年4月,,日本批準(zhǔn)使用了Laninamivir及其前藥CS-8958,用于治療對(duì)達(dá)菲具有抗藥性的流感病毒感染,。
此前,,人們已經(jīng)在病毒水平上了解了幾種抗甲流藥物的抑制效果,但要真正與這個(gè)狡猾的對(duì)手過招,,人類的認(rèn)識(shí)恐怕還要深入到蛋白水平,。
為了系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)傳統(tǒng)和新型NA抑制劑與不同組NA的結(jié)合模式和結(jié)構(gòu)特征,Vavricka等選取N5,、09N1和1957大流感的N2為研究對(duì)象,,它們分別代表典型的第一組NA成員,非典型的第一組NA成員和典型的第二組NA成員,,系統(tǒng)比較了這些體外制備的蛋白與4種NA抑制劑:達(dá)菲,、樂感清、Laninamivir和CS-8958的結(jié)合特點(diǎn),。
Vavricka等人反復(fù)做了不下50次實(shí)驗(yàn),,終于拿到了可重復(fù)的結(jié)果。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,兩種新藥Laninamivir和CS-8958與不同NA結(jié)合有組的偏好型,,對(duì)第一組NA的抑制效果更好,研究人員還進(jìn)一步解析了它們的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),。
“新藥與達(dá)菲相比,,與NA的結(jié)合沒有那么緊密。但是它們對(duì)蛋白功能的抑制時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),,因此屬于長(zhǎng)效藥,。”文章第一作者Vavricka說。
研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),,CS-8958與09N1和N2結(jié)合的模式差別很大,,卻與09N1-Oseltamivir的結(jié)合模式有一定的相似性,這些結(jié)果都為Osletamivir結(jié)合和耐受NA有組特異性的觀點(diǎn)提供了新的視角,。
課題組一位工作人員評(píng)價(jià)稱:“這項(xiàng)研究雖然比較基礎(chǔ),,但它比較了4種藥物對(duì)3種蛋白的抑制效果,,能夠?yàn)樗幬镌O(shè)計(jì)提供新的思路。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002249
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PMID:
Structural and Functional Analysis of Laninamivir and its Octanoate Prodrug Reveals Group Specific Mechanisms for Influenza NA Inhibition
Christopher J. Vavricka1#, Qing Li1,2#, Yan Wu1#, Jianxun Qi1, Mingyang Wang1,3, Yue Liu1, Feng Gao4, Jun Liu1, Enguang Feng5, Jianhua He6, Jinfang Wang5, Hong Liu5, Hualiang Jiang5, George F. Ga
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic (pH1N1) led to record sales of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, which has contributed significantly to the recent increase in oseltamivir-resistant viruses. Therefore, development and careful evaluation of novel NA inhibitors is of great interest. Recently, a highly potent NA inhibitor, laninamivir, has been approved for use in Japan. Laninamivir is effective using a single inhaled dose via its octanoate prodrug (CS-8958) and has been demonstrated to be effective against oseltamivir-resistant NA in vitro. However, effectiveness of laninamivir octanoate prodrug against oseltamivir-resistant influenza infection in adults has not been demonstrated. NA is classified into 2 groups based upon phylogenetic analysis and it is becoming clear that each group has some distinct structural features. Recently, we found that pH1N1 N1 NA (p09N1) is an atypical group 1 NA with some group 2-like features in its active site (lack of a 150-cavity). Furthermore, it has been reported that certain oseltamivir-resistant substitutions in the NA active site are group 1 specific. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of laninamivir, we utilized recombinant N5 (typical group 1), p09N1 (atypical group 1) and N2 from the 1957 pandemic H2N2 (p57N2) (typical group 2) to carry out in vitro inhibition assays. We found that laninamivir and its octanoate prodrug display group specific preferences to different influenza NAs and provide the structural basis of their specific action based upon their novel complex crystal structures. Our results indicate that laninamivir and zanamivir are more effective against group 1 NA with a 150-cavity than group 2 NA with no 150-cavity. Furthermore, we have found that the laninamivir octanoate prodrug has a unique binding mode in p09N1 that is different from that of group 2 p57N2, but with some similarities to NA-oseltamivir binding, which provides additional insight into group specific differences of oseltamivir binding and resistance.