根據(jù)中國科技網倫敦7月8日報道,吸毒會使人精神亢奮,,因為毒品會刺激大腦分泌更多的多巴胺,。而英國一項新研究表明,長期吸食大麻會逐漸降低大腦分泌多巴胺的能力,,影響大腦的“獎賞機制”,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)或許解釋了為什么一些癮君子會缺乏上進心,除了毒品外對其他許多東西都無欲無求,。
多巴胺是一種神經遞質,,主要負責亢奮和歡愉信息的傳遞,因而被認為是大腦的“獎賞中心”,,人們對一些事物“上癮”也主要源于它的作用,。過去科學家認為,多巴胺水平與精神病有著直接聯(lián)系,,精神病患者腦內多巴胺水平通常較高,,而一些癮君子在吸食大麻時會出現(xiàn)類似精神病的癥狀,科學家據(jù)此推斷,,長期吸食大麻的人,,其大腦會分泌更多的多巴胺。
英國帝國理工學院,、倫敦大學學院和倫敦大學國王學院研究人員的一項最新研究表明,,上述推斷是錯誤的。他們在最近一期《生物精神病學》雜志上發(fā)表論文稱,,長期吸食大麻不僅不會讓大腦分泌更多的多巴胺,,而恰恰相反,會逐漸降低大腦分泌多巴胺的水平,。
運用PET腦成像技術,,該研究小組對19名長期吸食大麻者大腦多巴胺的分泌情況進行了分析。這些志愿者首次吸食大麻是在12歲到18歲之間,,他們在服用大麻時會出現(xiàn)類似精神病的癥狀,,如產生幻覺或總認為自己被某種未知力量威脅,。研究結果表明,這些人大腦分泌多巴胺的能力明顯低于常人,,且吸食大麻的時間越早,,吸食量越大,大腦分泌的多巴胺越少,。那些符合精神病診斷標準的吸食者的多巴胺水平最低,。
帝國理工學院領導該項研究的邁克·布魯姆菲爾德博士表示,盡管研究結果與之前推斷不同,,但也證實了過去的研究結果,,即吸毒會改變大腦多巴胺系統(tǒng)。
“雖然此次研究的目標主要是那些服藥時會產生精神病癥狀的吸食者,,但我認為這一發(fā)現(xiàn)適用于所有長期服用大麻的人,,因為并沒有證據(jù)表明,精神病癥狀越嚴重,,多巴胺分泌的就越少,。”布魯姆菲爾德博士說。“這或許解釋了為什么一些吸食大麻的人會出現(xiàn)缺乏動機綜合征,,盡管是否出現(xiàn)這種癥狀還一直存在爭議”,。
缺乏動機綜合征是一種精神類疾病,其主要表現(xiàn)為變得呆板,,情感淡漠,,興趣索然,缺乏上進心,,道德感喪失等,。該綜合征可見于分裂癥、情感障礙,,或經常使用大麻或其他物質的人,。
此外有研究表明,那些曾吸食大麻而后戒掉的人,,其多巴胺分泌水平與那些從沒有服用過大麻的人相比并沒有明顯差異,,這表明,吸食大麻對多巴胺分泌的影響是可逆的,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Biological Psychiatry doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.027
Dopaminergic Function in Cannabis Users and Its Relationship to Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Symptoms
Michael A.P. Bloomfield, Celia J.A. Morgan, Alice Egerton, Shitij Kapur, H. Valerie Curran, Oliver D. Howes
Background
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug globally, and users are at increased risk of mental illnesses including psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Substance dependence and schizophrenia are both associated with dopaminergic dysfunction. It has been proposed, although never directly tested, that the link between cannabis use and schizophrenia is mediated by altered dopaminergic function.
Methods
We compared dopamine synthesis capacity in 19 regular cannabis users who experienced psychotic-like symptoms when they consumed cannabis with 19 nonuser sex- and age-matched control subjects. Dopamine synthesis capacity (indexed as the influx rate constant ) was measured with positron emission tomography and 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-l-phenylalanine ([18F]-DOPA).
Results
Cannabis users had reduced dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum (effect size: .85; t36 = 2.54, p = .016) and its associative (effect size: .85; t36 = 2.54, p = .015) and limbic subdivisions (effect size: .74; t36 = 2.23, p = .032) compared with control subjects. The group difference in dopamine synthesis capacity in cannabis users compared with control subjects was driven by those users meeting cannabis abuse or dependence criteria. Dopamine synthesis capacity was negatively associated with higher levels of cannabis use (r = −.77, p < .001) and positively associated with age of onset of cannabis use (r = .51, p = .027) but was not associated with cannabis-induced psychotic-like symptoms (r = .32, p = .19).
Conclusions
These findings indicate that chronic cannabis use is associated with reduced dopamine synthesis capacity and question the hypothesis that cannabis increases the risk of psychotic disorders by inducing the same dopaminergic alterations seen in schizophrenia.