來(lái)自阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)核醫(yī)學(xué)系,、傳染病及公眾健康系等處的研究人員首次發(fā)現(xiàn)癌癥可以通過(guò)靶向引發(fā)癌癥的病毒得以成功治愈,,這一研究成果公布在10月31日《公共科學(xué)圖書館·綜合》(PLoS ONE)上,表明未來(lái)也許可以通過(guò)在被病毒侵染的細(xì)胞變成癌癥細(xì)胞前消滅這些細(xì)胞來(lái)預(yù)防癌癥的發(fā)生,。
文章的第一作者是來(lái)自河北大學(xué)的訪問(wèn)學(xué)者王興國(guó)博士(Xing-Guo Wang,,音譯),。
在這項(xiàng)研究中,愛因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院研究人員利用了一種稱為放射免疫治療(radioimmunotherapy)的技術(shù),,這種方法中將放射性同位素被轉(zhuǎn)載進(jìn)抗體中,,一旦這些制作精細(xì)的分子被注射入體內(nèi),一個(gè)特異性蛋白靶標(biāo)的抗體簇,,和這些同位素“彈頭”就會(huì)摧毀這種蛋白所在的細(xì)胞,。在他們的研究中,靶標(biāo)則是病毒抗原:病毒感染細(xì)胞后表達(dá)的蛋白會(huì)引起這些細(xì)胞失控性增值,,從而變成具有侵染性的癌癥細(xì)胞,。
全球人類癌癥的將近20%都是由已有病毒感染引起,最好的例子就是肝癌——由乙型病毒性肝炎(virus hepatitis type B)和丙型病毒性肝炎(virus hepatitis type C)引起,,以及宮頸癌(cervical cancer)——由人乳頭瘤病毒(human papillomaviruses)引起,,還有某些淋巴瘤——由人類皰疹病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)引起,。但是由于細(xì)胞表面的抗原易受到抗體的攻擊,,因此癌癥病毒抗原可以隱藏在感染細(xì)胞中,從而科學(xué)家們假設(shè)抗體不能接觸到這些抗原,。
愛因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院微生物與免疫學(xué)系教授Arturo Casadevall認(rèn)為,,“我們預(yù)測(cè)快速生長(zhǎng)的腫瘤會(huì)出現(xiàn)血液供應(yīng)不足的現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡,,將它們的病毒抗原散布在肝癌細(xì)胞中”,,“因此我們希望通過(guò)將綁定有同位素的抗體注射入血液,這些血液就會(huì)攜帶這些抗體到腫瘤塊中,,與在上述情況下曝露出的抗原相互作用,,其中的同位素放射出射線導(dǎo)致鄰近的腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡。”
研究人員用小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了他們的構(gòu)想:將同位素錸18(rhenium-18)黏附在單克隆抗體上,,這些抗體能與所有宮頸癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的病毒抗原E6相互作用,。同樣他們也進(jìn)行了肝癌的放射免疫方法實(shí)驗(yàn)——將錸18結(jié)合在抗HBx的抗體上(HBx是肝癌細(xì)胞中一種病毒抗原),之后這些攜帶了人類宮頸癌或肝癌的小鼠就可以進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)了,。
在這兩種癌癥類型中,,比較于對(duì)照組(未進(jìn)行治療的小鼠),放射免疫療法都極大的減緩了腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),,而且對(duì)于宮頸癌小鼠,,這種治療不僅停止了腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),而且還有復(fù)原的現(xiàn)象,。
愛因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院微生物與免疫學(xué)系副教授Ekaterina Dadachova表示,,“放射免疫療法不僅能針對(duì)這些癌癥,而且這種放射現(xiàn)象只發(fā)生在腫瘤塊中,保護(hù)了正常組織不受損害”,。經(jīng)過(guò)7年的研究探索,,Dadachova博士在侵染相應(yīng)疾病的放射免疫療法方面獲得了許多經(jīng)驗(yàn),自2001年,,通過(guò)進(jìn)行了一系列的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),,他們成功的利用放射免疫療法治療了主要的真菌病原體新型隱球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans),以及一種引起肺炎的鏈球菌(streptococcal bacterium),。去年Dadachova博士與她的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)放射免疫療法可以通過(guò)靶定HIV感染細(xì)胞表面的病毒蛋白中的一種錸幫助阻止HIV侵染,。
Dadachova提出,“每一年病毒相關(guān)的癌癥都能引起130萬(wàn)個(gè)癌癥案例,,因此我們急需一種有效的治療新方法”,,“我們的這一研究說(shuō)明放射免疫療法能治療由于病毒引起的癌癥,而且令人激動(dòng)的是,,這種方法還可以用于癌癥預(yù)防,,對(duì)于被hepatitis B或C,人乳頭瘤病毒或其它已知引發(fā)癌癥的病毒感染的慢性病人,,放射免疫療法能在它們轉(zhuǎn)換成腫瘤細(xì)胞前消滅這些病毒感染細(xì)胞,。”
原始出處:
Received: October 5, 2007; Accepted: October 10, 2007; Published: October 31, 2007
Treating Cancer as an Infectious Disease—Viral Antigens as Novel Targets for Treatment and Potential Prevention of Tumors of Viral Etiology
Xing Guo Wang1¤, Ekaterina Revskaya1, Ruth A. Bryan1, Howard D. Strickler2, Robert D. Burk2,3,4,5, Arturo Casadevall4,6#, Ekaterina Dadachova1,4*#
1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 6 Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
Background
Nearly 20% of human cancers worldwide have an infectious etiology with the most prominent examples being hepatitis B and C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and human papilloma virus-associated cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to find new approaches to treatment and prevention of virus-associated cancers.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Viral antigens have not been previously considered as targets for treatment or prevention of virus-associated cancers. We hypothesized that it was possible to treat experimental HPV16-associated cervical cancer (CC) and Hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by targeting viral antigens expressed on cancer cells with radiolabeled antibodies to viral antigens. Treatment of experimental CC and HCC tumors with 188Re-labeled mAbs to E6 and HBx viral proteins, respectively, resulted in significant and dose-dependent retardation of tumor growth in comparison with untreated mice or mice treated with unlabeled antibodies.
Conclusions/Significance
This strategy is fundamentally different from the prior uses of radioimmunotherapy in oncology, which targeted tumor-associated human antigens and promises increased specificity and minimal toxicity of treatment. It also raises an exciting possibility to prevent virus-associated cancers in chronically infected patients by eliminating cells infected with oncogenic viruses before they transform into cancer.