(封面圖片:由致癌基因和腫瘤抑制因子組成的電路板,。隨著致癌基因和抑制因子數(shù)量的增加,了解這些基因如何共同作用導(dǎo)致腫瘤形成至關(guān)重要,。)
生物谷報(bào)道:5月16日出版的Cell以封面文章的形式報(bào)道尋找癌癥相關(guān)基因的新方法,。
小鼠體內(nèi)的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄插入性突變(retroviral insertional mutagenesis)被證明是一種鑒別新腫瘤基因的有效工具,它可以為研究人類腫瘤提供有價(jià)值的幫助,。很多逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒,,例如莫洛尼氏鼠白血病病毒(Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus)能通過(guò)將其前病毒(proviruses)結(jié)合到宿主基因組中造成細(xì)胞的基因變異。細(xì)胞能從這種突變中獲得有利的增殖,,但同時(shí)也可能通過(guò)病毒再感染獲得額外突變,,并最終發(fā)展成腫瘤細(xì)胞。
p53和p19ARF是兩種腫瘤抑制因子,,它們?cè)谌祟惸[瘤中常發(fā)生突變,。p19ARF能通過(guò)對(duì)抗MDM2調(diào)節(jié)的p53衰減來(lái)增強(qiáng)p53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。多項(xiàng)研究表明,,p19ARF的主要功能是激活p53,,同時(shí)有數(shù)據(jù)顯示它還能獨(dú)立的抑制腫瘤發(fā)生。缺少p19ARF和p53的小鼠腫瘤發(fā)生率更高,。
科學(xué)家稱,,他們確定了10806處逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒插入位點(diǎn),其中包含超過(guò)300個(gè)腫瘤發(fā)生的基因位點(diǎn)(loci),。研究中,,科學(xué)家們使用插入突變技術(shù)分析了p53−/−, p19ARF−/−和野生型小鼠,以確定這些腫瘤抑制因子的不同功能,,他們利用這些數(shù)據(jù)建立各個(gè)基因位點(diǎn)之間相互作用的網(wǎng)絡(luò),。除此之外,研究小組還發(fā)現(xiàn)了可能的腫瘤抑制因子基因,。
科學(xué)家表示,,這種分析能確定大量新的潛在致癌基因以及腫瘤抑制基因,重要的是,,其中很大一部分人類腫瘤基因位點(diǎn)的插入位置不僅限于血系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,,而是包括其它多種癌癥,例如肺癌,、腸癌,、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等,。由于莫洛尼氏鼠白血病病毒的趨向性,,研究中分析非血系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤基因的能力受到了限制,而利用新技術(shù)和新模型,研究人員認(rèn)為還可能獲得更多的信息,。
最后,,科學(xué)家們表示,這些插入基因位點(diǎn)之間的互斥關(guān)系將有很大的臨床應(yīng)用空間,。最近的研究顯示,,在肺癌中EGFR變異與KRAS變異之間是互斥的,變異的EGFR是藥物吉非替尼(Gefitinib)和埃羅替尼(Erlotinib)的作用目標(biāo),,但是KRAS變異的病人使用這些藥物就無(wú)任何效果,。因此當(dāng)藥物作用目標(biāo)不明時(shí),確定與治療結(jié)果相關(guān)的非目標(biāo)變異的作用能幫助我們尋找真正的作用目標(biāo),,以及更好改進(jìn)已有的治療手段,。(生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell,Vol 133, 727-741, 16 May 2008,,Anthony G. Uren, Anton Berns
Large-Scale Mutagenesis in p19ARF- and p53-Deficient Mice Identifies Cancer Genes and Their Collaborative Networks
Anthony G. Uren,1,7 Jaap Kool,1,7 Konstantin Matentzoglu,1,6 Jeroen de Ridder,2,3 Jenny Mattison,4 Miranda van Uitert,2 Wendy Lagcher,1 Daoud Sie,5 Ellen Tanger,1 Tony Cox,4 Marcel Reinders,3 Tim J. Hubbard,4 Jane Rogers,4 Jos Jonkers,2 Lodewyk Wessels,2,3, David J. Adams,4, Maarten van Lohuizen,1, and Anton Berns1,
1 Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD, Delft, The Netherlands
4 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB101SA, UK
5 Central Microarray Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Summary
p53 and p19ARF are tumor suppressors frequently mutated in human tumors. In a high-throughput screen in mice for mutations collaborating with either p53 or p19ARF deficiency, we identified 10,806 retroviral insertion sites, implicating over 300 loci in tumorigenesis. This dataset reveals 20 genes that are specifically mutated in either p19ARF-deficient, p53-deficient or wild-type mice (including Flt3, mmu-mir-106a-363, Smg6, and Ccnd3), as well as networks of significant collaborative and mutually exclusive interactions between cancer genes. Furthermore, we found candidate tumor suppressor genes, as well as distinct clusters of insertions within genes like Flt3 and Notch1 that induce mutants with different spectra of genetic interactions. Cross species comparative analysis with aCGH data of human cancer cell lines revealed known and candidate oncogenes (Mmp13, Slamf6, and Rreb1) and tumor suppressors (Wwox and Arfrp2). This dataset should prove to be a rich resource for the study of genetic interactions that underlie tumorigenesis.