5月16日,刊登在國(guó)際雜志Nature上的研究報(bào)告中,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了9個(gè)和乳腺癌發(fā)展有關(guān)的新基因,,目前和乳腺癌相關(guān)的基因共達(dá)到了40個(gè),。研究者檢測(cè)了100個(gè)乳腺癌患者的基因組的所有基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)在不同的癌癥患者中,,引發(fā)乳腺癌基因的突變不盡一樣,,這就表明,乳腺癌具有高度的遺傳多樣性,,理解其序列的多樣性對(duì)于我們提出更為合理的治療方法很有幫助,。
所有的癌癥都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有DNA的改變,體細(xì)胞的突變會(huì)引起癌癥的發(fā)生,,在癌癥基因中的驅(qū)動(dòng)突變是一小部分引起癌癥發(fā)展的體細(xì)胞突變,。乳腺癌是婦女常見(jiàn)的一種癌癥,為了發(fā)現(xiàn)新的引發(fā)乳腺癌的基因,,研究者在21000個(gè)基因?qū)ふ疫@種驅(qū)動(dòng)突變(driver mutations),,最終找到了和乳腺癌發(fā)展相關(guān)的9個(gè)新的基因?;蚪M分析的方法給我們提供了一個(gè)直觀地研究乳腺癌驅(qū)動(dòng)基因突變的平臺(tái),,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)突變?cè)谥辽?0種乳腺癌中都有發(fā)生,大部分的單一癌癥患者都會(huì)伴隨有不同的癌癥基因突變,,這也解釋了乳腺癌的遺傳多樣性,。
研究者M(jìn)ike Stratton表示,在28個(gè)案例中,,我們至少可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)突變,,但是最多的時(shí)候,我們可以在一個(gè)患者身上發(fā)現(xiàn)6個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)突變,,而且乳腺癌由超過(guò)70種不同基因的突變結(jié)合所引起,。如果我們研究三種乳腺癌,每一種伴隨有4個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)突變,,那么很有可能這三種癌癥中的驅(qū)動(dòng)基因都不一樣,,因此,,每一種乳腺癌都是一種不同的遺傳型,它們是由不同基因突變而引起的,,我們未來(lái)的目前是將其分類,。
目前研究者的重點(diǎn)是研究為什么每一個(gè)病人的癌癥發(fā)展都不一樣,而且這些病人對(duì)不同的治療產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)都不一樣,?當(dāng)然了,,研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助人們更好地理解這些差別的存在。人類的基因組被頻繁的攻擊弄得傷痕累累,,因此最終會(huì)產(chǎn)生DNA的突變,,研究者的研究中,談們發(fā)現(xiàn)了9個(gè)引發(fā)乳腺癌的新基因,,并且揭示了不同乳腺癌的遺傳多樣性的存在,。(生物谷:T.Shen編譯)
doi:10.1038/nature11017
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The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer
Philip J. Stephens, Patrick S. Tarpey, Helen Davies, Peter Van Loo, Chris Greenman, David C. Wedge, Serena Nik Zainal, Sancha Martin, Ignacio Varela, Graham R. Bignell, Lucy R. Yates, Elli Papaemmanuil, David Beare, Adam Butler, Angela Cheverton, John Gamble, Jonathan Hinton, Mingming Jia, Alagu Jayakumar, David Jones, Calli Latimer, King Wai Lau, Stuart McLaren, David J. McBride, Andrew Menzies et al.
All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis1, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including AKT2, ARID1B, CASP8, CDKN1B, MAP3K1, MAP3K13, NCOR1, SMARCD1 and TBX3. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.