生物谷：一項(xiàng)由法國(guó)科學(xué)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的最新研究捍衛(wèi)了法國(guó)作為“葡萄酒之都”的榮譽(yù),，他們完整測(cè)定了一種葡萄的基因組,。葡萄也由此成為人類(lèi)完成基因測(cè)序的第一種水果作物和第四種開(kāi)花植物（其它3種分別是小麥,、擬南芥和白楊木）,，這有望加深科學(xué)家對(duì)開(kāi)花植物進(jìn)化過(guò)程的理解,。相關(guān)論文8月26日在線發(fā)表于《自然》雜志,。
該項(xiàng)研究由法國(guó)和意大利組成的科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)完成,，而領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們的是法國(guó)Genoscope國(guó)家基因測(cè)序中心的遺傳學(xué)家Patrick Wincker,。他們完整分析了制造勃艮第和香檳酒的主要原料——“黑比諾”（Pinot Noir）葡萄的基因序列。
利用“黑比諾”變異較少的特點(diǎn),，研究人員培育出了一種穩(wěn)定的葡萄種系PN 40024,。隨后，他們將PN 40024葡萄的DNA分割成幾百萬(wàn)個(gè)片斷并分別進(jìn)行了測(cè)序,，再利用計(jì)算機(jī)程序?qū)⒒蚓幋a結(jié)合起來(lái),，從而得到了完整的基因組。不出所料,，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),，該葡萄基因組的3000多個(gè)基因中有許多都是用來(lái)制造賦予葡萄香味的萜類(lèi)化合物和丹寧酸（共有大約5億個(gè)堿基對(duì)），而且這一比例大大超過(guò)了其他的植物。
研究人員此次專(zhuān)門(mén)研究了70至80個(gè)制造萜類(lèi)化合物的基因,，目的是為了能夠通過(guò)基因改造,，開(kāi)發(fā)味道更加獨(dú)特的葡萄酒，并增強(qiáng)葡萄對(duì)害蟲(chóng)和有害物（比如霉菌）的抵抗能力,。
此次葡萄基因組的測(cè)定有助于科學(xué)家了解開(kāi)花植物的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵進(jìn)化過(guò)程,，也就是大約2.5億年前雙子葉植物和單子葉植物的分化。此次測(cè)定的葡萄基因組與之前的小麥基因組對(duì)比表明,，雙子葉植物的基因組有大規(guī)模復(fù)制成為原來(lái)3倍的明顯特點(diǎn)和標(biāo)記,。
不過(guò)，一位Genoscope研究人員Jean Weissenbach指出,，遺傳學(xué)家此次研究成果和認(rèn)識(shí)并不能替代進(jìn)化學(xué)家和葡萄酒制造者長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn),。他說(shuō)，“我們能夠創(chuàng)造出具有不同香味的葡萄變種,，但最終葡萄酒的品質(zhì)則完全是另一回事,。”（科學(xué)網(wǎng) 任霄鵬/編譯）
原始出處:
Nature advance online publication 26 August 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06148; Received 5 April 2007; Accepted 7 August 2007; Published online 26 August 2007
The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla
The French–Italian Public Consortium for Grapevine Genome Characterization
Genoscope (CEA) and UMR 8030 CNRS-Genoscope-Université d'Evry, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico di Udine, Via Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy.
Dipartimento di Matematica ed Informatica, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy.
URGV, UMR INRA 1165, CNRS-Université d'Evry Genomique Végétale, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5708, 91057 Evry cedex, France.
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy.
CRIBI, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
URGI, UR1164 Génomique Info, 523, Place des Terrasses, 91034 Evry Cedex, France.
UMR INRA 1131, Université de Strasbourg, Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, BP20507, 68021 Colmar, France.
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 122/D, 70125 Bari, Italy.
UMR INRA 1097, IRD-Montpellier SupAgro-Univ. Montpellier II, Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
UMR INRA 1098, IRD-Montpellier SupAgro-CIRAD, Développement et Amélioration des Plantes, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona Strada Le Grazie 15 – Ca' Vignal, 37134 Verona, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze, Tecnologie e Mercati della Vite e del Vino, Università degli Studi di Verona, via della Pieve, 70 37029 S. Floriano (VR), Italy.
VIGNA-CRA Initiative; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Biologia Molecolare delle Piante, c/o Università degli Studi di Siena, via Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy.
A list of participants and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.W. (Email: [email protected]).
Abstract
The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics1, 2, 3. These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop (cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period11. Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants.
