生物谷報(bào)道:近日,美國科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了對手指再生起關(guān)鍵作用的基因——Sonic Hedgehog(SHH),,它將可以使傷殘,、短小手指再生,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)具有重大突破意義,,人類可以利用最新基因技術(shù)擁有額外的一至兩根手指,,不僅減輕了工作負(fù)擔(dān),甚至可能還會(huì)圍繞這多出的手指掀起新的時(shí)尚潮流,。
人類,、鳥類以及其他生物擁有相同的基因組來控制手指、腳趾以及翅膀的生長,,然而生物間指頭數(shù)量與形態(tài)差異為何如此之大曾一直困擾著科學(xué)家們,。近日,,美國威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校研究人員們發(fā)現(xiàn)SHH基因在決定手指、腳趾形態(tài)以及個(gè)數(shù)過程中起到重要的作用,。
他們首先在約翰·法倫實(shí)驗(yàn)室對雛雞做了實(shí)驗(yàn),,觀察到大量不同基因組織在不同時(shí)間發(fā)出的綜合信號最終形成了手指的生長。隨后他們將手指再生部分取名為“指骨形成區(qū)域”(phalanx-forming region),,在接下來的實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中他們又發(fā)現(xiàn),,手指或腳趾的再生是通過間葉細(xì)胞(mesenchymal cells),而不是過去認(rèn)為的軟骨細(xì)胞(cartilage cells),,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)突破了傳統(tǒng)的研究結(jié)果。
哈蘭·溫菲爾德·莫斯曼(Harland Winfield Mossman) 教授多年來一直致力于研究在胚胎生長階段細(xì)胞是如何決定指頭,、牙齒以及羽毛形態(tài)的,。他表示,對于鳥類以及哺乳動(dòng)物來說,,拳擊手套形狀的遠(yuǎn)端肢體末梢(autopod)會(huì)生長出手指,,而發(fā)育著的腳則長出腳趾,它們由兩個(gè)相交叉的區(qū)域構(gòu)成,。
指線或趾線(digital rays)是由間葉細(xì)胞與軟骨組織構(gòu)成的,,它將來會(huì)形成成年動(dòng)物腳趾中的指骨或趾骨。而間葉細(xì)胞組織組成了手指,、腳趾相間的的部分,,它們填充了指、趾線的間的空隙,,再生也就是由這一部分來完成,。
與此同時(shí),許多研究人員認(rèn)為SHH基因中的其它次級信號中心下游(other secondary signaling centers downstream of SHH)也對手指,、腳趾精確特性構(gòu)成起到關(guān)鍵作用,。研究人員肖恩·哈索(Sean Hasso)表示,他們目前正在探究指線中決定手指產(chǎn)生的那部分確切細(xì)胞,,以及控制手指數(shù)量,、大小以及形狀的分子。通過在胚胎遠(yuǎn)端肢體末梢(autopod)上進(jìn)行顯微外科以及分子標(biāo)識等研究工作后,,他表示,,指線頂端的間葉細(xì)胞生長所產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞,最終形成了手指的生長,,是確定手指數(shù)量,、大小和形狀的關(guān)鍵所在。
通過實(shí)驗(yàn)研究人員得出結(jié)論,,人們可以通過刺激間葉細(xì)胞的生長而產(chǎn)生新的手指,。重要的是,,此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)對于那些先天手指缺陷或后天傷殘的人們來說,無疑帶來許多美好的希望,。但是這種最新的技術(shù)還需要結(jié)果嚴(yán)格的論證才能實(shí)現(xiàn)臨床治療,。(援引網(wǎng)易探索 和平)
生物谷推薦參考文獻(xiàn):
Published online on March 11, 2008
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0707899105
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Unique SMAD1/5/8 activity at the phalanx-forming region determines digit identity
Takayuki Suzuki*,,, Sean M. Hasso*, and John F. Fallon*,
*Department of Anatomy University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706; and Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer (IDAC) Tohoku University, Seiryo-cho 4-1, Aoba-Ward, Sendai-City, Miyagi-Pref 980-8575, Japan
Edited by Clifford J. Tabin, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved December 20, 2007 (received for review August 21, 2007)
Abstract
The zone of polarizing activity is the primary signaling center controlling anterior–posterior patterning of the amniote limb bud. The autopodial interdigits (IDs) are secondary signaling centers proposed to determine digit identity by acting on the cells of the digital ray. Here, we focus on events accompanying digital fate determination and define a region of the digital ray that expresses Sox9 and Bmpr1b and is phosphorylated-SMAD1/5/8 (p-SMAD1/5/8) positive. We name this region the phalanx-forming region (PFR), and show that the PFR cells arise from the distal subridge mesenchyme of digital ray. This phalanx-forming cell lineage is subsequently committed to the cartilage lineage; the fate of these cells is initially labile but becomes fixed as they are incorporated into the condensed cartilage of the digit primordium. Using an in vivo reporter assay, we establish that each digital PFR has a unique p-SMAD1/5/8 activity signature. In addition, we show that changes in this activity correlate with the identity of the digit that forms after experimental manipulation, supporting the idea that threshold signaling levels can lead to different developmental outcomes in a morphogenetic field. Our data define the molecular profile of the PFR, and we propose a model for understanding formation and variation of digits during autopodial development.
Bmpr1b | brachydactyly | limb development