中國人的基因中存在能夠分解酒中毒素的基因,,且這種基因僅存在于中國人及與中國人有關(guān)的人群,如韓國,、日本等東亞人群中間——復(fù)旦大學(xué)人類遺傳學(xué)實驗室,、生命科學(xué)學(xué)院副教授李輝課題組昨天宣布了這一有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
據(jù)介紹,,因為這種基因的形成年代與“杜康釀酒”這一歷史故事的時間相吻合,,因此被專家戲稱為“杜康基因”。
“杜康基因”學(xué)名是乙醇脫氫酶第七亞族基因(ADH-1-B),與酒精及一些相關(guān)毒素的解毒功能相關(guān),,乙醇脫氫酶的功能主要是將人體攝入的酒精分解為乙醛,,乙醛在人體內(nèi)另一種乙醛脫氫酶的作用下進(jìn)一步被分解為乙酸,而乙酸是人體內(nèi)眾多代謝反應(yīng)需要的底物,這就完成人體對酒精的解毒功能,。
為什么在歐洲同樣有很多人飲酒,,卻沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇脫氫酶第七亞族基因,?對此,李輝解釋說,,雖然都是酒,,但是歐洲的酒主要是由水果類釀造的,而東亞人群的酒是由糧食釀造的,,這存在比較大的差別,。另外,歐洲直到中世紀(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)都不發(fā)達(dá),,用于釀酒的糧食很少,。因此,酒精對歐洲人群中基因的選擇時間短,,作用很弱,。這也解釋了我國很多以游牧為主的少數(shù)民族不存在這種基因的原因。
既然東亞人群中有分解酒精能力特別強(qiáng)的乙醇脫氫酶第七亞族基因,,那么是不是東亞人在飲酒時就可以隨心所欲呢,?對此,李輝的回答是否定的,。他表示,,雖然70%東亞人體內(nèi)有乙醇脫氫酶第七亞族基因,但是這種基因只能是將酒精分解為乙醛,,乙醛還是對人體有毒性的,,很多人喝酒臉紅就是由于乙醛刺激的原因。要想將乙醛徹底分解為無毒的乙酸,,還需要另一種乙醛脫氫酶,,但奇怪的是這種酶在東亞人群中又有70%的人沒有。所以,,盡管很多人不會發(fā)生酒精中毒,,但會發(fā)生乙醛中毒。
研究只是向我們從一個側(cè)面揭示了人類進(jìn)化的有趣故事,。為了健康,,還是應(yīng)該盡量少飲酒。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Annals of Human Genetics DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00651.x
Diversification of the ADH1B Gene during Expansion of Modern Humans
Hui Li, Sheng Gu, Yi Han, Zhi Xu, Andrew J. Pakstis, Li Jin, Judith R. Kidd, Kenneth K. Kidd
A variant allele, ADH1B*48His, also known as ADH1B*2, at the human Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) is strongly associated with alcoholism in some populations and has an unusual geographic distribution. Strong evidence implies selection has increased the frequency of this allele in some East Asian populations but does not fully explain its geographic pattern. We have studied haplotypes of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) in the ADH1B region in 2,206 individuals from a worldwide set of populations. These SNPs and STRPs define nine common haplogroups most of which have distinct geographic patterns. The haplogroups H5 and H6, both with the derived ADH1B*48His allele, appear restricted to the Middle East and East Asia, respectively. The positively selected H7 is derived from H6 by a new regulatory region variant defining SNP rs3811801 restricted to East Asia. Age estimates of the haplogroups based on the STRPs also agree with the time of the migration events estimated by other studies. H7 is estimated to have expanded recently, around 2,800 years ago, and ancient DNA samples from North China confirm its presence about that time. The dating of the H7 expansion may help understand the selective force on the ADH1B gene.