在首次野外實驗中,,一群由實驗室制造的蚊子成功地在加勒比海一處島嶼上消滅了一群本土蚊子,,這些蚊子攜帶有“死亡基因”。這種新方法可消除登革熱等熱帶疾病,,但也存有潛在風(fēng)險,。
2010年,在大開曼島的一次實驗中,,研究人員放出330萬只雄性蚊子,,這些蚊子經(jīng)過基因再造而先天不育,這意味著它們無法生育能夠存活的后代,。這些蚊子在小片實驗區(qū)域與雌性蚊子交配,,其基因缺陷導(dǎo)致后代在幼蟲期便死亡。這使得蚊子種群數(shù)量大大減少,。
負(fù)責(zé)這次實驗的英國牛津昆蟲技術(shù)公司創(chuàng)辦人之一,、首席科學(xué)家盧克·阿爾菲在一次采訪中說,與未放出基因變異雄蚊子的類似區(qū)域相比,,“我們在目標(biāo)區(qū)域觀察到的數(shù)量下降了80%”,。
這次實驗的結(jié)果尚未公布。但27日,,同一個小組公布了2009年更早階段的項目細(xì)節(jié),,這些細(xì)節(jié)顯示,經(jīng)實驗室改造的雄性蚊子能夠在自然環(huán)境中生存并正?;顒?。阿爾菲說:“我們現(xiàn)在知道它們能與野生雄性蚊子爭奪配偶。”這項研究的結(jié)果被發(fā)表在《自然-生物工藝學(xué)》期刊上。
放出不育雄性昆蟲在蟲害控制領(lǐng)域是一種已經(jīng)實驗證實的方法,。美國在上世紀(jì)60年代就曾使用這種技術(shù)來消滅一種食肉的蒼蠅,。不育雄性昆蟲技術(shù)還曾于上世紀(jì)90年代用于坦桑尼亞的桑給巴爾。
在上述的兩個例子中,,是通過輻射給昆蟲實施絕育的,。這一方法對蚊子無效,原因是蚊子與蒼蠅不同,,輻射會對雄性蚊子造成傷害,,使得它們無力與其他雄性競爭配偶。因此科學(xué)家設(shè)計出更激進(jìn)的方法:通過改造蚊子的基因構(gòu)成進(jìn)行絕育,。
然而,,這一實驗也存在缺陷。原因是區(qū)分雌雄蚊子的方法并不精確,,約有0.5%的轉(zhuǎn)基因蛹是雌蚊子,。雄蚊子不咬人,但雌蚊子咬人,。
人們不知道人類如果被轉(zhuǎn)基因雌蚊子咬了之后會怎樣,,因此人們對其安全性存有疑慮。牛津昆蟲技術(shù)公司的蚊子可能會令變異的DNA以某種方式進(jìn)入其他昆蟲或人類身上,,并造成傷害,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nbt.2019
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Field performance of engineered male mosquitoes
Angela F Harris, Derric Nimmo,Andrew R McKemey,Nick Kelly,Sarah Scaife, Christl A Donnelly, Camilla Beech, William D Petrie& Luke Alphey
Dengue is the most medically important arthropod-borne viral disease, with 50–100 million cases reported annually worldwide. As no licensed vaccine or dedicated therapy exists for dengue, the most promising strategies to control the disease involve targeting the predominant mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. However, the current methods to do this are inadequate. Various approaches involving genetically engineered mosquitoes have been proposed, including the release of transgenic sterile males. However, the ability of laboratory-reared, engineered male mosquitoes to effectively compete with wild males in terms of finding and mating with wild females, which is critical to the success of these strategies, has remained untested. We report data from the first open-field trial involving a strain of engineered mosquito. We demonstrated that genetically modified male mosquitoes, released across 10 hectares for a 4-week period, mated successfully with wild females and fertilized their eggs. These findings suggest the feasibility of this technology to control dengue by suppressing field populations of A. aegypti.