中國(guó)科學(xué)院生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心環(huán)境化學(xué)與生態(tài)毒理學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室汪海林研究組在維生素C(Vc)與DNA甲基化調(diào)控的研究上取得重要進(jìn)展。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)Vc可顯著增強(qiáng)DNA羥化酶Tet(ten eleven translocation)氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶的活性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)DNA去甲基化作用,。其相關(guān)研究成果以全文形式發(fā)表在國(guó)際化學(xué)期刊《美國(guó)化學(xué)會(huì)志》上,。
DNA甲基化是哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一種主要的表觀遺傳修飾形式,在X染色體失活,、基因組印記,、動(dòng)物胚胎發(fā)育,、基因表達(dá)調(diào)控等生物過程中具有重要功能,。最近研究表明,,Tet酶可直接氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶(5mC)生成一種新的堿基5-羥甲基胞嘧啶(5hmC)。該堿基可進(jìn)一步被Tet酶氧化,,形成可被細(xì)胞切除的5-甲醛基胞嘧啶(5fC)和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5caC),。這些DNA新堿基具有去甲基化作用,可能影響動(dòng)物克隆,、細(xì)胞核重新編程和胚胎發(fā)育,,同時(shí)也與癌癥發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。但是,,目前人們對(duì)這些新DNA堿基調(diào)控的理解仍然非常有限,。
Vc是一種人體必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),除了人們熟知的抗壞血病功能之外,,還可作為多種雙加氧酶的輔助因子,。因此,汪海林研究組設(shè)想Vc也有可能是Tet蛋白(屬雙加氧酶家族成員)的一種新輔助因子,。為此,,他們首先利用超高效液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜發(fā)展了高靈敏的5mC氧化產(chǎn)物分析方法。在此基礎(chǔ)上,,他們研究了Vc對(duì)Tet酶催化的5mC氧化反應(yīng)及相互作用,。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示Vc可顯著增強(qiáng)Tet1和Tet2酶催化氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶的能力。其中,,主動(dòng)DNA去甲基化相關(guān)的產(chǎn)物(5fC和5caC)增加量超過一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),。熒光光譜及還原劑比對(duì)分析揭示這種增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)與Vc和Tet間的相互作用直接相關(guān)。將Tet2轉(zhuǎn)入人293T細(xì)胞中,,可以觀察到同樣效應(yīng),。對(duì)于Tet1和Tet2基因敲除的小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞,不再觀察到這種效應(yīng),。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,通過這種Tet酶依賴的5mC氧化增強(qiáng)效應(yīng),維生素C可顯著刺激小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞的去甲基化過程,,形成低甲基化的胚胎干細(xì)胞,,類似于胚泡中內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)。利用缺乏合成維生素C基因的小鼠模型,,發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素C可調(diào)控腦等多種組織中的DNA羥甲基化與甲基化水平,。利用基因本體分析和5hmC富集測(cè)序分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素C引起小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞內(nèi)545個(gè)基因的5hmC水平顯著升高,。這些5hmC富集的基因與細(xì)胞分化,、各種組織發(fā)育(包括腦,、肌肉、心臟,、血液,、上皮等)、磷酸化,、蛋白質(zhì)合成和復(fù)合體組裝,、行為、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),、細(xì)胞周期和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等功能密切相關(guān),。
該研究第一次建立了Vc、Tet 和DNA甲基化調(diào)控之間的直接聯(lián)系,,證明了維生素C可以調(diào)控哺乳動(dòng)物的DNA修飾,,并可解釋維生素C促進(jìn)誘導(dǎo)全能干細(xì)胞(iPSC)轉(zhuǎn)化的作用機(jī)制。
中科院上海生命科學(xué)研究院生物化學(xué)與細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究所徐國(guó)良研究組,、中科院北京基因組研究所楊運(yùn)桂研究組等參與了這項(xiàng)多學(xué)科交叉的研究工作,。這項(xiàng)工作獲得了環(huán)境化學(xué)與生態(tài)毒理學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、國(guó)家“973”計(jì)劃,、國(guó)家杰出青年基金等的大力支持,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
JACS DOI: 10.1021/ja4028346
Ascorbic Acid Enhances Tet-Mediated 5-Methylcytosine Oxidation and Promotes DNA Demethylation in Mammals
Ruichuan Yin †, Shi-Qing Mao ‡, Bailin Zhao †, Zechen Chong §, Ying Yang §, Chao Zhao †, Dapeng Zhang †, Hua Huang †, Juan Gao ‡, Zheng Li ‡, Yan Jiao , Cuiping Li †, Shengquan Liu †, Danni Wu †, Weikuan Gu , Yun-Gui Yang §, Guo-Liang Xu ‡, and Hailin Wang *†
DNA hydroxymethylation and its mediated DNA demethylation are critical for multiple cellular processes, for example, nuclear reprogramming, embryonic development, and many diseases. Here, we demonstrate that a vital nutrient ascorbic acid (AA), or vitamin C (Vc), can directly enhance the catalytic activity of Tet dioxygenases for the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). As evidenced by changes in intrinsic fluorescence and catalytic activity of Tet2 protein caused by AA and its oxidation-resistant derivatives, we further show that AA can uniquely interact with the C-terminal catalytic domain of Tet enzymes, which probably promotes their folding and/or recycling of the cofactor Fe2+. Other strong reducing chemicals do not have a similar effect. These results suggest that AA also acts as a cofactor of Tet enzymes. In mouse embryonic stem cells, AA significantly increases the levels of all 5mC oxidation products, particularly 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine (by more than an order of magnitude), leading to a global loss of 5mC (40%). In cells deleted of the Tet1 and Tet2 genes, AA alters neither 5mC oxidation nor the overall level of 5mC. The AA effects are however restored when Tet2 is re-expressed in the Tet-deficient cells. The enhancing effects of AA on 5mC oxidation and DNA demethylation are also observed in a mouse model deficient in AA synthesis. Our data establish a direct link among AA, Tet, and DNA methylation, thus revealing a role of AA in the regulation of DNA modifications.