類人猿能夠使用工具,、學(xué)習(xí)符號(hào)語言甚至對(duì)電視節(jié)目上癮,。如今,新的研究證明,,它們還擁有另一項(xiàng)曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是人類獨(dú)有的本領(lǐng):模仿其他同類的面部表情,。這一研究成果表明 ,這種能力的形成——有助于個(gè)體之間溝通感情——領(lǐng)先于人類種群的起源時(shí)間,。
人們?cè)谟^看一部電影或是與老朋友共飲咖啡時(shí),,經(jīng)常會(huì)在無意中模仿眼前人物的面部表情。微笑,、大笑和痛苦的鬼臉是能夠“相互傳染”的,。但是我們?yōu)槭裁匆7聞e人卻一直沒有搞清。年輕人這樣做或許是為了學(xué)習(xí)與人溝通,。面部表情模仿同時(shí)還有助于理解他人的情緒——為了搞清一種表情,,大腦需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行再制造。一些研究人員認(rèn)為,,對(duì)一種表情的模仿能夠在觀眾中引發(fā)類似的感情,,從而產(chǎn)生移情作用。
為了搞清這種能力是否已經(jīng)延伸到類人猿中,,德國(guó)漢諾威獸醫(yī)大學(xué)的行為生物學(xué)家Marina Davila Ross和同事,,用攝像機(jī)拍攝了兩只小猩猩的游戲場(chǎng)景。研究人員分析了其中1只小猩猩的中性表情和一種所謂的“大嘴”表情——它相當(dāng)于人類的笑臉,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,如果1只小猩猩做出了大嘴的表情,那么它的伙伴很可能在不到半秒鐘的時(shí)間里便跟著咧開了大嘴 ,。當(dāng)研究人員對(duì)這種發(fā)生在類人猿當(dāng)中的交互作用進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),,這種對(duì)表情的模仿更多發(fā)生在那些年幼和尚未成年的猩猩當(dāng)中,,或者當(dāng)兩只猩猩的年齡相差兩歲時(shí),也容易出現(xiàn)這種模仿表情的狀況,。研究人員在最新的《生物學(xué)快報(bào)》(Biology Letters)上報(bào)告了這一研究成果,。
如今在英國(guó)樸次茅斯大學(xué)任職的文章第一作者Davila Ross表示:“這項(xiàng)研究第一次表明,這種無意間的模仿也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)物中,,至少對(duì)于面部表情來說是這樣,。”但是猩猩并不會(huì)一直模仿它們的玩伴,研究人員如今正在嘗試確定影響這種行為的其他因素,。
美國(guó)安阿伯市密歇根大學(xué)的行為神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Stephanie Preston指出:“這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于證明面部表情與模仿之間存在一種進(jìn)化上的前后關(guān)系是非常重要的,。”她說,新的認(rèn)識(shí)將幫助研究人員搞清這種行為的起源及其在社會(huì)環(huán)境中扮演的角色,。(群芳 譯自www.science.com,,12月16日)
原始出處:
Biology Letters
2007年12月11日
10.1098/rsbl.2007.0535
Rapid facial mimicry in orangutan play
Marina Davila Ross1, 3, Susanne Menzler2, Elke Zimmermann3
1Centre for the study of Emotion, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK
2 Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
3 Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
摘要
Emotional contagion enables individuals to experience emotions of others. This important empathic phenomenon is closely linked to facial mimicry, where facial displays evoke the same facial expressions in social partners. In humans, facial mimicry can be voluntary or involuntary, whereby its latter mode can be processed as rapid as within or at 1s. Thus far, studies have not provided evidence of rapid involuntary facial mimicry in animals.
This study assessed whether rapid involuntary facial mimicry is present in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus; N=25) for their open-mouth faces (OMFs) during everyday dyadic play. Results clearly indicated that orangutans rapidly mimicked OMFs of their playmates within or at 1s. Our study revealed the first evidence on rapid involuntary facial mimicry in non-human mammals. This finding suggests that fundamental building blocks of positive emotional contagion and empathy that link to rapid involuntary facial mimicry in humans have homologues in non-human primates.
Keywords
orangutan, rapid facial mimicry, involuntary responses, emotional contagion, empathy