生物谷援引北京時(shí)間1月24日消息,據(jù)澳大利亞廣播公司報(bào)道,,一個(gè)澳大利亞研究小組找到了他們所稱的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)“圣杯”,,證明一條有關(guān)爬行動(dòng)物性別和生存的持續(xù)30年之久的理論是正確的。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可以解釋溫度決定爬行動(dòng)物性別的進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì),。
澳大利亞悉尼大學(xué)生物科學(xué)學(xué)院進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家里克·賽尼(Rick Shine)教授及其以前的學(xué)生,、現(xiàn)就讀于美國(guó)愛荷華州的丹尼爾·華納博士報(bào)告說(shuō),爬行動(dòng)物的卵孵化時(shí)所處的溫度條件不僅能決定其性別,,還能讓后代的數(shù)量達(dá)到最優(yōu)化。研究結(jié)果本周刊登在《自然》雜志網(wǎng)站上,,為孵卵溫度影響雌性和雄性繁殖成功率提供了第一個(gè)“毫不含糊”的證據(jù),。在哺乳動(dòng)物和鳥類中,性別由受精卵的基因類型決定的,,而這一過(guò)程會(huì)導(dǎo)致大體相同的雄性和雌性數(shù)量,。
但是,在很多爬行動(dòng)物和一些魚類當(dāng)中,,性別是在卵產(chǎn)下之后決定的,,取決于環(huán)境,最重要的是溫度,。賽尼表示,,在一些爬行動(dòng)物物種中,雄性或雌性只能在特定溫度下降生,。據(jù)他介紹,,大約30年前,美國(guó)生物學(xué)家里克·查爾諾夫教授(現(xiàn)在新墨西哥大學(xué)任教)和得克薩斯大學(xué)的吉姆·布爾教授稱,,這種“環(huán)境性別決定”不是大自然怪異行為的結(jié)果,,相反,他們認(rèn)為在特定溫度下孵化的雄性或雄性幼仔具有進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì),,比如可能優(yōu)化后代數(shù)量,。賽尼說(shuō),證明這一理論十分困難,,由此成為進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家渴望尋找的“圣杯”,。
賽尼說(shuō),證明查爾諾夫和布爾這一理論的挑戰(zhàn)是,,如何找到一個(gè)生命周期足夠短的物種,,以便對(duì)其整個(gè)生命周期中所擁有的后代數(shù)量進(jìn)行估算。大多數(shù)性別由環(huán)境決定的物種的生命周期均超過(guò)60年,,到達(dá)性成熟的時(shí)間很晚,。據(jù)他介紹,,一種名為“杰克龍”(Jacky dragon)的“短命蜥蜴”幫助他們克服了這一挑戰(zhàn)。這是一種比較常見的蜥蜴,,生活在澳大利亞?wèn)|海岸,。“杰克龍”在一年內(nèi)就能孵化出后代,它們的生命周期超不過(guò)4年,。
這項(xiàng)研究中面臨的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是,,在特定溫度條件下人工培育“錯(cuò)誤”的性別,賽尼表示,,“杰克龍”能在低溫(23至26年攝氏度)和高溫(30至33攝氏度)條件下從卵中孵化出雌性,,而在介于這兩個(gè)溫度之間的條件下孵化出雄性。在這項(xiàng)由澳大利亞研究理事會(huì)資助的研究中,,研究人員采用激素手段操作卵,,培育出在某些狀態(tài)下通常培育不出的雄性和雌性。他說(shuō),,對(duì)卵的激素操作(hormonal manipulation)不會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)體孵化出來(lái)的“杰克龍”的健康和生存產(chǎn)生任何影響,。
賽尼表示,自然孵化的雄性“杰克龍”在交配和傳宗接代方面的能力是人工孵化的雄性“杰克龍”的5倍到10倍,,而自然孵化的雌性在傳宗接代方面的能力是人工孵化的雌性“杰克龍”4到5倍,。研究人員說(shuō):“所以,孵化溫度使每個(gè)性別的繁殖成功率達(dá)到最優(yōu)化,,而且,,從本質(zhì)上講能產(chǎn)生正如查爾諾夫和布爾所預(yù)測(cè)的性別。”賽尼表示,,研究小組的數(shù)據(jù)同查爾諾夫·布爾模式匹配得如此“漂亮”著實(shí)讓他大吃一驚,。他已經(jīng)收到了“欣悉若狂”的布爾發(fā)來(lái)的電子郵件,祝賀他證明了這一理論,。
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature advance online publication 20 January 2008 | doi:10.1038/nature06519; Received 1 October 2007; Accepted 26 November 2007; Published online 20 January 2008
The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a reptile
D. A. Warner1,2 & R. Shine1
School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
Present address: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
Correspondence to: D. A. Warner1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.A.W. (Email: [email protected]).
Understanding the mechanisms that determine an individual's sex remains a primary challenge for evolutionary biology. Chromosome-based systems (genotypic sex determination) that generate roughly equal numbers of sons and daughters accord with theory1, but the adaptive significance of environmental sex determination (that is, when embryonic environmental conditions determine offspring sex, ESD) is a major unsolved problem2, 3. Theoretical models predict that selection should favour ESD over genotypic sex determination when the developmental environment differentially influences male versus female fitness (that is, the Charnov–Bull model)4, but empirical evidence for this hypothesis remains elusive in amniote vertebrates—the clade in which ESD is most prevalent5. Here we provide the first substantial empirical support for this model by showing that incubation temperatures influence reproductive success of males differently than that of females in a short-lived lizard (Amphibolurus muricatus, Agamidae) with temperature-dependent sex determination. We incubated eggs at a variety of temperatures, and de-confounded sex and incubation temperature by using hormonal manipulations to embryos. We then raised lizards in field enclosures and quantified their lifetime reproductive success. Incubation temperature affected reproductive success differently in males versus females in exactly the way predicted by theory: the fitness of each sex was maximized by the incubation temperature that produces that sex. Our results provide unequivocal empirical support for the Charnov–Bull model for the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in amniote vertebrates.