雌孔雀并非總是選擇那些最漂亮的雄孔雀做配偶,。(圖片提供: Mariko Takahashi)
雌孔雀喜歡那些拖著華麗裙裾的雄孔雀——這些家伙的每次燦爛開屏都能夠引來“女孩兒們”的一片尖叫,。自從查爾斯·達(dá)爾文提出進(jìn)化論以來,,這便成為關(guān)于孔雀的起碼常識,。然而一項長達(dá)7年的研究卻對這種深入人心的觀念提出了挑戰(zhàn)——研究人員報告說,,在印度孔雀(Pavo cristatus)的野生種群中,,雌性并沒有表現(xiàn)出這種偏愛,。這篇頗受爭議的論文與之前一項大受贊揚的研究結(jié)果相矛盾,,后者揭示了孔雀開屏在兩性關(guān)系中的作用,,同時成為進(jìn)化生物學(xué)中的經(jīng)典。
據(jù)美國《科學(xué)》雜志在線新聞報道,,由于自然選擇理論無法解釋看上去毫無用處的雄性裝飾物——例如復(fù)雜精美的羽毛——的進(jìn)化原因,,達(dá)爾文便提出,它們的出現(xiàn)完全是出于性選擇的緣故,。在大多數(shù)物種中,,被雌性所選擇的用來交配的雄性推測起來都應(yīng)該能夠展現(xiàn)一些健康的遺傳信息。例如,,雄孔雀的尾巴比身體長得多并且裝飾了許多華而不實的眼點,。而眼點的數(shù)量可能與雄性基因的質(zhì)量有很大關(guān)系,,因此雌孔雀往往會選擇那些眼點數(shù)量更多的“小伙子”。在一項被引證得最多的關(guān)于孔雀尾巴的研究中,,英國紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家Marion Petrie剪掉了一些雄孔雀尾部羽毛上的眼點部分,,而雌孔雀隨后便會冷落慢待這些家伙。此外,,與其他同類相比,,雄孔雀的羽毛越華麗,它們的壽命也就越長,。
日本東京大學(xué)的動物行為學(xué)家Mariko Takahashi的研究小組試圖證明這些結(jié)論,。然而盡管觀察了268對交配的孔雀,但是研究小組依然無法確定任何一種遺傳特征是雌孔雀所喜愛的,。研究人員在4月份出版的愛思唯爾期刊《動物行為》(Animal Behaviour)雜志上報告了這一研究結(jié)果,。Takahashi推測,對于雌孔雀來說,,雄性的尾巴最初可能是一種信號,,但是就像去年流行的時裝,如今已經(jīng)過時了,。
如果雌孔雀忽視這些美麗羽毛的存在,,那么雄孔雀為什么還要花費大量的精力來打扮自己并且拖著大尾巴走來走去呢?美國奧斯汀市得克薩斯大學(xué)的動物行為學(xué)家Michael Ryan認(rèn)為,,雄孔雀之所以還要留住它們的尾巴,,恐怕是由于在一只雌孔雀對自己表現(xiàn)出興趣之后,它們可以搖動這些羽毛從而發(fā)出交配所必需的沙沙聲,。他說:“如果沒有尾巴,,它們便演奏不出這么美妙的音樂了。”
加利福尼亞大學(xué)里弗賽德分校的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家Marlene Zuk并不認(rèn)為這項研究成果駁斥了Petrie的工作,,這是由于前者的實驗并沒有涉及華美的尾部羽毛在交配中所扮演的角色,。挪威奧斯陸大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家Stein Are Sther認(rèn)為,這項新的研究表明,,“我們還沒有真正了解雌性到底是如何評估雄性的”,。(來源:科學(xué)時報 群芳)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
(Animal Behaviour),Volume 75, Issue 4, April 2008, Pages 1209-1219,,Mariko Takahashi,,Toshikazu Hasegawa
Peahens do not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains
Mariko Takahashi*, , , Hiroyuki Arita†, 1, Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa‡, 2 and Toshikazu Hasegawa*
†Main Building Exhibition Office, the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
‡School of Advanced Sciences, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa, Japan
*Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Japan
Received 7 September 2006; revised 13 October 2006; accepted 2 October 2007. MS. number: 9102. Available online 20 February 2008.
The elaborate train of male Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus, is thought to have evolved in response to female mate choice and may be an indicator of good genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the male train in mate choice using male- and female-centred observations in a feral population of Indian peafowl in Japan over 7 years. We found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for peacocks with more elaborate trains (i.e. trains having more ocelli, a more symmetrical arrangement or a greater length), similar to other studies of galliforms showing that females disregard male plumage. Combined with previous results, our findings indicate that the peacock's train (1) is not the universal target of female choice, (2) shows small variance among males across populations and (3) based on current physiological knowledge, does not appear to reliably reflect the male condition. We also found that some behavioural characteristics of peacocks during displays were largely affected by female behaviours and were spuriously correlated with male mating success. Although the male train and its direct display towards females seem necessary for successful reproduction, we conclude that peahens in this population are likely to exercise active choice based on cues other than the peacock's train.