一些動物也許在美夢中就被天敵吃掉了,。當提到在野外到底有多少愛睡懶覺的家伙時,,恐懼和食物恐怕是科學(xué)家最需要考慮的兩個因素,。
研究人員花費了幾十年的時間,試圖搞清哺乳動物睡眠模式之間存在的巨大差異,。例如,,一匹驢每天打瞌睡的時間僅僅為3個小時,而犰狳和蝙蝠每天卻有20個小時是在睡夢中度過的,。為了解釋這一謎題,,科學(xué)家提出了一個回旋的假設(shè),即體型較小的哺乳動物需要進行更多的睡眠以保存能量并維持體溫,,從而為逃避食肉動物的追捕作準備,。
然而要為這些理論找到足夠的證據(jù)卻不是一件容易事。這部分是因為大量睡眠研究都是在科學(xué)家的實驗室中完成的設(shè)計,、取得的結(jié)果,。而對動物在野外的睡眠習(xí)性進行的研究卻是鳳毛麟角,,這主要是由于為野生動物戴上睡眠監(jiān)視器確實是一件非常困難的事。
如今,,一項迄今為止最廣泛的研究終于打通了這一瓶頸,。由英國達勒姆大學(xué)的進化生物學(xué)家Isabella Capellini領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個研究小組,利用兩年時間對涉及150多種動物睡眠習(xí)性的科學(xué)文獻和原始信息進行了梳理,。研究人員隨后利用統(tǒng)計學(xué)工具對其進行了分析,,旨在摸清到底哪些因素能夠最好地解釋60種最佳模式動物的睡眠習(xí)性。
最終,,有兩個因素浮出水面,。一個因素便是來自食肉動物的威脅。如果動物在一個比較隱蔽的地方睡眠,,例如洞穴或樹梢,,它們休息的時間便會長一些。以會挖洞的鼴鼠為例,,它們的睡眠時間就比缺乏保護的嚙齒動物長一些,。另一個因素則是食物。動物如果需要大量吃草,,例如馬群,,它們的睡眠時間就要短一些。研究人員在7月份出版的《進化》(Evolution)雜志上報告了這一研究成果,。Capellini表示,,“對動物來說,睡覺有好處但也有成本”,,而了解一種動物如何在所處的環(huán)境中達到兩者的平衡,,將幫助從進化生物學(xué)家到環(huán)境保護主義者的每一個人有效減少瀕危物種面臨的壓力。
研究人員同時還得出了一個令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn):那些在群體中睡覺的群居動物——例如食草動物的牧群——往往睡得較少,,而那些單獨生存的物種卻沒有這種現(xiàn)象,。研究人員表示,這真的出乎人們的預(yù)料,,這是因為群居生活顯然提供了更多的保護,,由此推理,應(yīng)該有更多的睡眠時間才對,。他們相信,,群居的哺乳動物睡得少可能是因為它們往往都以植物為食,因此需要更多的時間尋找食物,。然而Capellini表示,,尚缺乏足夠的證據(jù)來支持這一假設(shè)。
美國加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的睡眠研究人員Jerry Siegel對此表示贊同,他說:“我們確實缺乏大量必要的信息,。”例如,,他指出,在科學(xué)家認可這一解釋之前,,還需要進行更多的研究,,從而掌握到底有多少睡眠中的動物真的被食肉動物所殺。而Siegel自己進行的研究則表明,,某些哺乳動物通過睡眠來保存能量——這一理論得到了Capellini的最新研究的一定支持,。但是Siegel也認為研究人員“要取得一些成果真的很難,并且應(yīng)該以一種更加寬泛的視角開展研究”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Evolution,,Volume 62 Issue 7, Pages 1764 - 1776,Isabella Capellini,,Charles L. Nunn
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN SLEEP
Isabella Capellini 1,2 , Robert A. Barton 1,3 , Patrick McNamara 4,5 , Brian T. Preston 6,7 , and Charles L. Nunn 6,8,9
1 Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, DH1 3HN Durham, United Kingdom 2 E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA New England Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130 5 E-mail: [email protected] 6 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz No 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany 7 E-mail: [email protected] 8 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 9 E-mail: [email protected]
Associate Editor: F Galis
Copyright Journal compilation © 2008 The Society for the Study of Evolution
ABSTRACT
The amount of time asleep varies greatly in mammals, from 3 h in the donkey to 20 h in the armadillo. Previous comparative studies have suggested several functional explanations for interspecific variation in both the total time spent asleep and in rapid-eye movement (REM) or "quiet" (non-REM) sleep. In support of specific functional benefits of sleep, these studies reported correlations between time in specific sleep states (NREM or REM) and brain size, metabolic rate, and developmental variables. Here we show that estimates of sleep duration are significantly influenced by the laboratory conditions under which data are collected and that, when analyses are limited to data collected under more standardized procedures, traditional functional explanations for interspecific variation in sleep durations are no longer supported. Specifically, we find that basal metabolic rate correlates negatively rather than positively with sleep quotas, and that neither adult nor neonatal brain mass correlates positively with REM or NREM sleep times. These results contradict hypotheses that invoke energy conservation, cognition, and development as drivers of sleep variation. Instead, the negative correlations of both sleep states with basal metabolic rate and diet are consistent with trade-offs between sleep and foraging time. In terms of predation risk, both REM and NREM sleep quotas are reduced when animals sleep in more exposed sites, whereas species that sleep socially sleep less. Together with the fact that REM and NREM sleep quotas correlate strongly with each other, these results suggest that variation in sleep primarily reflects ecological constraints acting on total sleep time, rather than the independent responses of each sleep state to specific selection pressures. We propose that, within this ecological framework, interspecific variation in sleep duration might be compensated by variation in the physiological intensity of sleep.