造成我們獨(dú)特認(rèn)知能力進(jìn)化的代謝變化表明,,人腦的容量可能已經(jīng)被推至極限。今天發(fā)表在《基因組生物學(xué)》(Genome Biology)上的研究為精神分裂癥是人腦進(jìn)化的一個(gè)代價(jià)昂貴的副產(chǎn)物這一理論增加了份量,。
德國馬普進(jìn)化人類學(xué)研究所的Philipp Khaitovich和合作者對健康者及精神分裂癥病患的人腦進(jìn)行了研究,,并將其與黑猩猩和恒河猴的腦子進(jìn)行了比較。正如Khaitovich所解釋的,,這些研究人員尋找基因表達(dá)及代謝物濃度方面存在的差異,,并“通過結(jié)合來自2個(gè)研究方向(即進(jìn)化學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué))的生物學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),確認(rèn)了與人類認(rèn)知能力的進(jìn)化有關(guān)的分子機(jī)制,。”
以前曾經(jīng)有人提出一種觀點(diǎn),,即某些神經(jīng)科疾病是人類在進(jìn)化時(shí)代謝及腦容量增加的副產(chǎn)物。但在這一新的研究工作中,,文章的作者應(yīng)用了新的技術(shù)手段真正地測試了這一理論,。
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了在人類進(jìn)化過程中發(fā)生的分子變化并對在精神分裂癥病患中所觀察到的分子變化進(jìn)行了思索。精神分裂癥被認(rèn)為是一種認(rèn)知功能(如語言能力和復(fù)雜的社會關(guān)系)受到影響的精神科疾病,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,精神分裂癥患者中的那些與能量代謝特別有關(guān)的基因和代謝物表達(dá)水平的變化同時(shí)也會在進(jìn)化中快速地改變。據(jù)Khaitovich披露:“我們新的研究表明,,精神分裂癥是人腦進(jìn)化所招致的代謝需求增加的一種副產(chǎn)物,。”
文章的作者得出結(jié)論,這項(xiàng)工作為更為細(xì)致的研究工作鋪平了道路,。Khaitovich說:“我們的大腦在所有的物種中是獨(dú)特的,,因?yàn)樗鼈冇芯薮蟮拇x需求量。如果我們能夠解釋我們的大腦是如何承受這一巨大的代謝流的話,,我們將會有更大的機(jī)會來了解腦是如何工作的及為什么它有的時(shí)候會崩潰,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Genome Biology,doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-8-r124,,Philipp Khaitovich,,Sabine Bahn
Metabolic changes in schizophrenia and human brain evolution
Philipp Khaitovich , Helen E Lockstone , Matthew T Wayland , Tsz M Tsang , Samantha D Jayatilaka , Arfu J Guo , Jie Zhou , Mehmet Somel , Laura W Harris , Elaine Holmes , Svante Paabo and Sabine Bahn
Background
Despite decades of research, the molecular changes responsible for the evolution of human cognitive abilities remain unknown. Comparative evolutionary studies provide detailed information about DNA sequence and mRNA expression differences between humans and other primates but, in the absence of other information, it has proved very difficult to identify molecular pathways relevant to human cognition.
Results
Here, we compare changes in gene expression and metabolite concentrations in the human brain and compare them to the changes seen in a disorder known to affect human cognitive abilities, schizophrenia. We find that both genes and metabolites relating to energy metabolism and energy-expensive brain functions are altered in schizophrenia and, at the same time, appear to have changed rapidly during recent human evolution, probably as a result of positive selection.
Conclusions
Our findings, along with several previous studies, suggest that the evolution of human cognitive abilities was accompanied by adaptive changes in brain metabolism, potentially pushing the human brain to the limit of its metabolic capabilities.