據(jù)美國生活科學網(wǎng)報道,,科學家已經(jīng)證實一種滅絕了的巨型陸龜已經(jīng)回歸家園,,就是現(xiàn)在生活在加拉帕戈斯群島的陸龜,只是它們是此滅絕陸龜雜交的后代,。
科學家先前發(fā)現(xiàn)有一群祖先陸龜雜交出來的陸龜生活在加拉帕戈斯群島的伊莎貝爾島上,。通過將這些活陸龜?shù)腄NA標記和博物館保存的曾生活在此弗羅倫納島上的巨型陸龜標本的DNA進行比較之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)它們之間有親戚關(guān)系,。耶魯大學的進化生物學家吉賽勒?卡可納說:“此活陸龜標本是在1994年采集的,,但我們沒想到它們就是滅絕了的巨型陸龜,因為我們沒有弗羅倫納島有關(guān)這種巨型陸龜?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)記錄,。
如今,,我們已經(jīng)從博物館收集到15-25種相關(guān)動物的基因數(shù)據(jù)信息,因此我們能做這一比較分析,,真是太棒了,。”
此弗羅倫納品種的巨型陸龜學名為“Geochelone elephantopus”,是150年前消失了的四種巨型陸龜中的一種,。加拉帕戈斯陸龜以個頭巨大聞名,,因形似大象也叫象龜。它們也是世界上最長壽的烏龜,,野生龜壽命可達150年至200年,。目前,還有另外11種巨型陸龜生活在加拉帕戈斯群島。這是世界上最大的烏龜,,可重達287公斤,。就在查爾斯?達爾文進行加拉帕戈斯群島之行時,他發(fā)現(xiàn)弗羅倫納陸龜數(shù)量明顯下降,。此行之后15年,,這種陸龜就神秘消失了。
加拉帕戈斯群島遠離南美大陸海岸千里之外的茫茫東太平洋赤道線上,,正是在這里,,年輕的達爾文通過對生物物種的考察,,得出了有關(guān)生物進化的最初理論,為舉世聞名的進化論奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ),。“加拉帕戈斯”一詞在西班牙語中是“海龜”的意思,。其實,直到16世紀初,,世人還不知道這片世外奇島的存在,。1535年,巴拿馬主教佛里?湯瑪斯在前往秘魯途中才發(fā)現(xiàn)了這片群島,,由于對島上眾多的大海龜印象深刻,,逐將其命名為加拉帕戈斯群島。由于群島長期與世隔絕,,動植物自行生長發(fā)育,,從而形成了獨自的特點,造就了島上獨特而完整的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),。島上800多種植物中,,約300種是群島特產(chǎn),58種鳥類中28種舉世無雙,,24種爬行動物全部是獨一無二的物種,。
在18、19世紀時,,航行于加拉帕戈斯水域的捕鯨船員工和海盜常常用這種陸龜當作食物補給,,據(jù)其航海日志記載,他們有時捕獲多達25萬只巨型陸龜,。許多陸龜因人類的屠殺而消亡,,因此它們的脂肪煉成了油,用來點燈,。然而,,人類也同樣無意地幫助了弗羅倫納陸龜以雜交方式得以延續(xù)生命。因為捕鯨船經(jīng)常將他們捕獲的陸龜御載在伊莎貝爾島上的粗糙火山上,于是一些有幸逃脫的弗羅倫納陸龜就在這里繁衍下來,,和其它的巨型陸龜交配,,生下雜交后代??茖W家歷時多年才解開這一謎團,。
卡可納說,外來的陸龜群可以讓研究人員通過選擇育種來復興已經(jīng)滅絕了的弗羅倫納陸龜,,但前提條件是得有足夠多的雜交陸龜還生活在伊莎貝爾島上,。“我們有這種機會,在一個偏遠的島上,,我們在做幫助像蜥蜴和鳳凰這樣的動物繁衍壯大,。”不過,研究人員需要更多的經(jīng)費和更好的辦法才能幫助滅絕了的巨型陸龜重返弗羅倫納島,??杉{表示他們計劃于今年12月重返此島,以調(diào)查她的全盤計劃,。此現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在9月23日出版的美國《國家科學院院刊》(PNAS)上,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS,doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805340105,,Nikos Poulakakis,,Adalgisa Caccone
Historical DNA analysis reveals living descendants of an extinct species of Galápagos tortoise
Nikos Poulakakis, Scott Glaberman, Michael Russello, Luciano B. Beheregaray, Claudio Ciofi, Jeffrey R. Powell, and Adalgisa Caccone
Giant tortoises, a prominent symbol of the Galápagos archipelago, illustrate the influence of geological history and natural selection on the diversification of organisms. Because of heavy human exploitation, 4 of the 15 known species (Geochelone spp.) have disappeared. Charles Darwin himself detailed the intense harvesting of one species, G. elephantopus, which once was endemic to the island of Floreana. This species was believed to have been exterminated within 15 years of Darwin's historic visit to the Galápagos in 1835. The application of modern DNA techniques to museum specimens combined with long-term study of a system creates new opportunities for identifying the living remnants of extinct taxa in the wild. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data obtained from museum specimens to show that the population on Floreana was evolutionarily distinct from all other Galápagos tortoise populations. It was demonstrated that some living individuals on the nearby island of Isabela are genetically distinct from the rest of the island's inhabitants. Surprisingly, we found that these “non-native” tortoises from Isabela are of recent Floreana ancestry and closely match the genetic data provided by the museum specimens. Thus, we show that the genetic line of G. elephantopus has not been completely extinguished and still exists in an intermixed population on Isabela. With enough individuals to commence a serious captive breeding program, this finding may help reestablish a species that was thought to have gone extinct more than a century ago and illustrates the power of long-term genetic analysis and the critical role of museum specimens in conservation biology.