一項最新研究顯示,現(xiàn)今生存的豹和老虎都是獨居食肉性動物,,但是現(xiàn)已滅絕的劍齒虎很可能是群居動物,它們像現(xiàn)今獅子的生活方式和獵食方法相同,。
劍齒虎以其特別長的犬齒而著名,,這種鋒利的牙齒可達到7英寸長,從上頜一直沿伸至下頜,。雖然它通常被稱為劍齒虎,,但實際從物種親緣角度上,它們并不與現(xiàn)今的老虎接近,,劍齒虎屬于一種不同的亞科物種,。然而,它們的體型很大,,擁有強壯的肌肉,,體形大小與現(xiàn)今的老虎差不多。
來自美國加州大學洛杉磯分校和倫敦動物學學會的科學家們推斷劍齒虎是一種群居性動物,,他們采用了一種獨特新穎的方法:記錄非洲野生食肉動物獵食時的數(shù)量密度比例,,與北美洲骨骼化石堆中的滅絕食肉物種進行對比分析。
距今180萬至1萬年前,,劍齒虎生活在北美和南美洲地區(qū),,在美國洛杉磯拉布雷亞瀝青坑里發(fā)現(xiàn)許多劍齒龍骨骼化石,依據(jù)一處骨骼化石堆可呈現(xiàn)當年食肉動物圍獵的一幕:食草動物陷入粘性瀝青池中,,已奄奄一息,,此時吸引了許多饑餓的狼和劍齒龍,但其中一些劍齒虎和狼也陷入瀝青池中喪命,。
由于現(xiàn)今的老虎及一些貓科動物都是獨居,,因此科學家提出遠古劍齒虎是群居物種的觀點遭到了一些研究人員的置疑。目前,,這項研究發(fā)表在10月28日出版的《生物學快報》上,,研究報告中將拉布雷亞瀝青坑堆積的骨骼化石數(shù)量與非洲的“野外錄音”數(shù)據(jù)進行了對比。這段“野外錄音”錄制了被獵食動物悲傷的叫聲以及獅子和鬣狗的聲音,,重復播放該段錄音吸引食肉動物。通過這種方法科學家評估了非洲東部和南部食肉動物的密度,。
重復播放錄音結(jié)果顯示,,從食肉物種之間群體大小對比的角度來講,,大型群體食肉動物占被錄音吸引動物的比例超過之前的預(yù)想。事實上,,大型群體食肉動物出現(xiàn)的數(shù)量密度是之前預(yù)想的60倍,。當這項結(jié)果與拉布雷亞瀝青坑的骨骼化石進行對比,科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)劍齒虎的數(shù)量比例符合播放錄音所獲得的大型群體食肉動物的比例,。
加州大學洛杉磯分校生態(tài)學和進化生物學教授布萊爾·范·瓦爾肯博(Blaire Van Valkenburgh)說,,“無論是過去還是現(xiàn)在的自然界,這項研究都可以完全解釋群居物種對于瓜分獵物具有支配優(yōu)勢,。為什么它們在可能遭遇危險競爭者的狀況下不多幾個同類幫手呢,?”
倫敦動物學學會資深研究員克莉絲·卡蓬(Chris Carbone)說,“現(xiàn)已滅絕的劍齒虎仍有許多未解之謎,,我們幾乎對它們的生活習性一無所知,。這項研究讓我們通過現(xiàn)代食肉動物的習性推斷出滅絕的劍齒虎的特征——它們成群地生活在一起,以群體方式進行捕獵,,而不是隱藏起來過著獨居生活,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Biology Letters 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526
Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon
Chris Carbone1, Tom Maddox1, Paul J. Funston2, Michael G.L. Mills3, Gregory F. Grether4, Blaire Van Valkenburgh4
1 Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
2 Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa
3 The Tony and Lisette Lewis Foundation and Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa
4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
Inferences concerning the lives of extinct animals are difficult to obtain from the fossil record. Here we present a novel approach to the study of extinct carnivores, using a comparison between fossil records (n=3324) found in Late Pleistocene tar seeps at Rancho La Brea in North America and counts (n=4491) from playback experiments used to estimate carnivore abundance in Africa. Playbacks and tar seep deposits represent competitive, potentially dangerous encounters where multiple predators are lured by dying herbivores. Consequently, in both records predatory mammals and birds far outnumber herbivores. In playbacks, two large social species, lions, Panthera leo, and spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, actively moved towards the sounds of distressed prey and made up 84 per cent of individuals attending. Small social species (jackals) were next most common and solitary species of all sizes were rare. In the La Brea record, two species dominated, the presumably social dire wolf Canis dirus (51%), and the sabretooth cat Smilodon fatalis (33%). As in the playbacks, a smaller social canid, the coyote Canis latrans, was third most common (8%), and known solitary species were rare (<4%). The predominance of Smilodon and other striking similarities between playbacks and the fossil record support the conclusion that Smilodon was social.