最新一項(xiàng)評估性研究顯示,,曾經(jīng)生活在歐洲體形龐大的洞熊是第一批滅絕的哺乳動(dòng)物,,它們滅絕的時(shí)間要比之前所預(yù)計(jì)的早1.3萬年,。
為什么會(huì)滅絕?主要原因?yàn)樗鼈兪撬厥痴?/p>
科學(xué)家結(jié)合洞熊生活時(shí)期的氣候變化,,推算它們滅絕的時(shí)間是2.78萬年前,,當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候特征是天氣顯著寒冷,從而導(dǎo)致洞熊食用的植物大量減少或完全消失,。
正是由于食物供給中斷導(dǎo)致洞熊的滅絕,,遠(yuǎn)古哺乳動(dòng)物群——多毛猛犸、多毛犀牛,、巨鹿和洞獅,,它們都在冰河時(shí)期末消失。研究人員將這項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告發(fā)表在11月26日出版的Boreas雜志上,。
神秘消失
許多年前,,人們就在一些洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)了洞熊的骨骼殘骸,并猜測它們可能是在冬眠時(shí)死亡的,。洞熊非常巨大,,雄性洞熊的體積可達(dá)到2200磅(1000公斤),而現(xiàn)今體型最大的熊類就是科迪亞克熊和北極熊,,其體重最大可達(dá)到1760磅(800公斤),,平均體重為1100磅(500公斤)。
研究人員稱,,在歐洲中世紀(jì),,人們都認(rèn)為洞熊骨骼是傳說中龍的骨骼,便收集起來制成藥物。目前,,什么原因?qū)е露葱?、多毛猛犸和其他大型哺乳?dòng)物滅絕仍是一個(gè)謎團(tuán)。一些研究人員認(rèn)為遠(yuǎn)古人類的獵殺是導(dǎo)致它們滅絕的重要原因,,但是維也納大學(xué)研究員馬汀·佩徹(Martina Pacher)和倫敦國家歷史博物館的安東尼·斯圖亞特(Anthony J. Stuart)發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有足夠令人信服的證據(jù)表明這些遠(yuǎn)古動(dòng)物的滅絕是由于人類活動(dòng)造成的,。
關(guān)于這些遠(yuǎn)古大型物種滅絕的另一種理論是某些病毒或細(xì)菌導(dǎo)致它們數(shù)量驟然減少,但是佩徹和斯圖亞特認(rèn)為,,像這樣的“超級疾病”不太可能解釋它們滅絕的時(shí)間,,而且不可能造成如此多種類、不同體型大小遠(yuǎn)古哺乳動(dòng)物的滅絕,。
最早滅絕的遠(yuǎn)古哺乳動(dòng)物物種
佩徹使用最新數(shù)據(jù)和洞熊骨骼殘骸放射性碳元素測定的現(xiàn)有記錄推算了洞熊滅絕的最新年表,,這一數(shù)據(jù)支持了之前研究員的氣候變化假設(shè)。他說,,“我們的研究工作顯示洞熊是在歐洲冰川時(shí)期末滅絕的,,它是最早滅絕的遠(yuǎn)古哺乳動(dòng)物群物種之一。其他的遠(yuǎn)古哺乳動(dòng)物群物種則在之后的1.5萬年間不同時(shí)期滅絕消失,。”
之前許多科學(xué)家聲稱洞熊至少在1.5萬年前仍存在著,,但是之前的研究方法存在著洞熊和灰熊骨骼殘骸之間的測定混淆誤差。佩徹和斯圖亞特指出,,因此在該項(xiàng)研究中排除了這一誤差數(shù)據(jù),。
佩徹和斯圖亞特依據(jù)頭骨解剖、骨骼膠原質(zhì)和牙齒的證據(jù),,推斷這些滅絕的哺乳動(dòng)物都是素食者,,它們吃一種高質(zhì)量植物。與其他現(xiàn)已滅絕的哺乳動(dòng)物群物種相比,,洞熊嚴(yán)格地受生存地理環(huán)境的限制,它們都封閉在歐洲西班牙至俄羅斯烏拉爾山脈地區(qū)生活,,這將解釋為什么它比其他物種的滅絕時(shí)期更早一些,。
佩徹說,“洞熊是一種非常特殊的遠(yuǎn)古生命模式,,尤其是它們主要以高質(zhì)量植物為食,,它們受生活環(huán)境限制,當(dāng)氣候變冷以及食物來源緊缺時(shí)很容易導(dǎo)致滅絕,。”
為什么灰熊幸存下來了,?
存活至今分布在歐洲和亞洲北部多數(shù)地區(qū)的灰熊與遠(yuǎn)古洞熊具有共同的祖先,斯圖亞特說,,“未來研究需要回答的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)性問題是為什么灰熊幸存至今,,而洞熊卻從此滅絕?其原因可能涉及到不同的食物來源,、冬眠策略,、地理范圍,、棲息環(huán)境狀況以及可能存在的人類獵殺行為。”
盡管洞熊的科學(xué)研究已持續(xù)了200多年,,但關(guān)于洞熊滅絕的時(shí)間仍具有爭議,。據(jù)悉,1794年,,解剖學(xué)家約翰·羅塞穆勒(Johann Rosenmüller)首次描述德國巴伐利亞Zoolithenh?hle地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種屬于已滅絕的新物種,,將它們稱之為洞熊。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Boreas,,doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00071.x,,MARTINA PACHER,ANTHONY J. STUART
Extinction chronology and palaeobiology of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)
MARTINA PACHER 1 and ANTHONY J. STUART 2
1 Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Academy Commission for Quaternary Sciences, Station Lunz am See, Austria, 2 Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK, and University of Durham, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Martina Pacher, Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Academy Commission for Quaternary Sciences, Station Lunz am See, Austria; Anthony J. Stuart , Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK, and University of Durham, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
ABSTRACT
The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) was one of several spectacular megafaunal species that became extinct in northern Eurasia during the late Quaternary. Vast numbers of their remains have been recovered from many cave sites, almost certainly representing animals that died during winter hibernation. On the evidence of skull anatomy and low δ15N values of bone collagen, cave bears appear to have been predominantly vegetarian. The diet probably included substantial high quality herbaceous vegetation. In order to address the reasons for the extinction of the cave bear, we have constructed a chronology using only radiocarbon dates produced directly on cave bear material. The date list is largely drawn from the literature, and as far as possible the dates have been audited (screened) for reliability. We also present new dates from our own research, including results from the Urals. U. spelaeus probably disappeared from the Alps and adjacent areas – currently the only region for which there is fairly good evidence –c. 24 000 radiocarbon years BP (c. 27 800 cal. yr BP), approximately coincident with the start of Greenland Stadial 3 (c. 27 500 cal. yr BP). Climatic cooling and inferred decreased vegetational productivity were probably responsible for its disappearance from this region. We are investigating the possibility that cave bear survived significantly later elsewhere, for example in southern or eastern Europe.