科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)紅毛猩猩能進(jìn)行最原始的代幣交易。
紅毛猩猩屬猿族,，與大猩猩,、黑猩猩及矮黑猩猩一起被稱為"人類最直系的親屬"。目前只在印度尼西亞的婆羅洲低地和蘇門答臘洲有少量紅毛猩猩存活,，全世界只剩下不到3萬只,。
英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)期刊《生物學(xué)快報(bào)》最新一期上刊登的研究結(jié)果說，德國(guó)一家動(dòng)物園里被訓(xùn)練用代幣來交換食物的紅毛猩猩會(huì)根據(jù)自己所得食物的多少,，拿出一些代幣為其伙伴交換食物,。
德國(guó)萊比錫動(dòng)物園的一對(duì)紅猩猩被教會(huì)識(shí)別三種不同的代幣。
其中一種是用來為自己換取香蕉的，另一種是用來為其伙伴換取香蕉的,，第三種是沒有任何價(jià)值的,。最初，母猩猩非常樂意用自己的代幣為公猩猩換取香蕉,，有時(shí)公猩猩還鼓勵(lì)母猩猩花她的代幣,。但是，公猩猩卻不大愿意用自己的代幣為母猩猩換取香蕉,。在母猩猩變得不大愿意花自己的代幣為公猩猩換香蕉后,，公猩猩開始用自己的代幣換香蕉，直到雙方的代幣花到差不多相同的時(shí)候?yàn)橹??？茖W(xué)家說，這兩只紅毛猩猩顯然是在給與的背后進(jìn)行討價(jià)還價(jià)的算計(jì),。
據(jù)此,，科學(xué)家得到結(jié)論說，并不是只有人類才會(huì)在付出時(shí)會(huì)有所算計(jì),，并不是只有人類在與他人合作時(shí)希望從對(duì)方得到回報(bào),。紅毛猩猩也會(huì)這樣。
然而,，與紅猩猩相比,，其他類人猿——黑猩猩、大猩猩和矮黑猩猩則不大可能會(huì)這樣做,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
生物谷推薦原始出處：
Biology Letters,，DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644，V. Dufour,，J. Call
Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans
V. Dufour1, 2, M. Pelé2, M. Neumann3, B. Thierry2, J. Call3
1 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
2 Département of Ecologie, Physiologie & Ethologie, IPHC, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 67087 Cedex, France
3 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 01403 Leipzig, Germany
Transfers and services are frequent in the animal kingdom. However, there is no clear evidence in animals that such transactions are based on weighing costs and benefits when giving or returning favours and keeping track of them over time (i.e. calculated reciprocity). We tested two orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in a token-exchange paradigm, in which each individual could exchange a token for food with the experimenter but only after first obtaining the token from the other orang-utan. Each orang-utan possessed tokens valuable to their partner but useless to themselves. Both orang-utans actively transferred numerous tokens (mostly partner-valuable) to their partner. One of the orang-utans routinely used gestures to request tokens while the other complied with such requests. Although initially the transfers were biased in one direction, they became more balanced towards the end of the study. Indeed, data on the last three series produced evidence of reciprocity both between and within trials. We observed an increase in the number and complexity of exchanges and alternations. This study is the first experimental demonstration of the occurrence of direct transfers of goods based on calculated reciprocity in non-human-primates.
