大多數(shù)的動物和人類一樣,,有著不同的性別。動物一出生,,性別就已經(jīng)確定,。然而,有些動物卻不是這種情況,,它們的性別可以改變,,它們生命的前一部分是一種性別,之后,,變成另一種性別,,科學家稱這種現(xiàn)象為序列性雌雄同體。
目前關于序列性雌雄同體,,科學家們已經(jīng)有了一些認識,,然而這種現(xiàn)象為什么如此罕見卻仍然是一個謎題。因為根據(jù)耶魯大學科學家的分析,,序列性雌雄同體現(xiàn)象對生物體來說是利大于弊的,。耶魯大學的科學家在三月份的《美國博物學家》(The American Naturalist)雜志上發(fā)表評論說道,雖然序列性雌雄同體現(xiàn)象是由于生物進化而造成的,,但是其罕見性仍然無法用是否利于生存來解釋,。
序列性雌雄同體一般出現(xiàn)在植物或者魚類等生物體中。經(jīng)過四十多年的研究,,科學家對于序列性雌雄同體現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)有了一定的了解,,但是仍無法對序列性雌雄同體的罕見性做出合理解釋。在耶魯大學和美國國家科學基金會的資助下,,耶魯大學研究生艾萊姆和他的顧問蘇珊阿倫佐對這個現(xiàn)象進行了研究,。阿倫佐表示,關于這種現(xiàn)象一種最直觀的解釋是,,對于絕大多數(shù)動物來說,,改變性別需要花費相當多的時間和能量,因此,,其無法改變性別,。
為了測試改變性別是否需要花費大量的時間和能量,研究人員建立了序列性雌雄同體生物和普通生物的理論模型,。在他們建立的模型中,,序列性雌雄同體個體的數(shù)量隨著年齡的變化而改變,,而普通生物則與繁殖的后代中的男女比例有關。
阿倫佐表示,,序列性雌雄同體生物30%的生命將花費在變性過程中,,但是其仍能保持種族的數(shù)量,這使得我們十分驚訝,。這項研究表明,,變性過程需要的時間和能量是龐大的。
除此之外,,研究人員還在對序列性雌雄同體生物和普通生物的交配進行研究,他們希望,,這項研究能夠為尋找答案提供幫助,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
The American Naturalist,DOI: 10.1086/596539,,Erem Kazancioglu,,Suzanne H. Alonzo
Costs of Changing Sex Do Not Explain Why Sequential Hermaphroditism Is Rare
Erem Kazancioglu* and Suzanne H. Alonzo
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
Sex change is a relatively rare phenomenon among animals. While classic theory has been successful in assessing the adaptive significance of sex change and predicting within‐species patterns, it does not explain why more animals are not sex changers. A possible explanation for the rarity of sex change is that costs such as decreased reproduction due to gonadal reconstruction favor separate sexes, or dioecy. These costs, however, have not been studied empirically or theoretically. Here, we investigate whether costs of changing sex can favor dioecy. Our analyses suggest that dioecy is favored only when costs of changing sex are large. Moreover, the fitness effect of costs and the strength of male size advantage are not static but change with the population composition, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary game between sex change and dioecy. We conclude that costs of changing sex alone are unlikely to explain the observed rarity of sex changers. Instead, assessing mating systems comparatively and quantitatively and identifying correlates selecting for and against sex change are necessary to understand why some species change sex while others do not.