最近一項(xiàng)新的研究表明,,翼龍的化石中,,翅膀上的骨骼和其呼吸系統(tǒng)相連,經(jīng)過(guò)論證,,翅膀在空中活動(dòng)的時(shí)候,,翅膀上的骨頭會(huì)與肺部的活動(dòng)相聯(lián)系,而且通過(guò)骨頭之間的氣孔,,置換空氣到肺部,,這樣在空中飛翔時(shí),翼龍也可以呼吸自如,??茖W(xué)家同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代的鳥(niǎo)類和鱷魚身上,也有這種被稱為空氣囊系統(tǒng)的骨骼。
2月17日《公共科學(xué)圖書館·綜合》刊登了美國(guó)俄亥俄州大學(xué),、圣十字學(xué)院和英國(guó)萊斯特大學(xué)研究人員的這項(xiàng)最新成果,,該成果解釋了翼龍從其肺部延伸至骨骼里面的氣球般的空氣囊是如何為自己提供一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的呼吸系統(tǒng)。該呼吸系統(tǒng)減少了翼龍身體的密度,,使得這個(gè)最大的飛行有脊椎動(dòng)物得以進(jìn)化,。
研究人員圣十字學(xué)院生物學(xué)副教授列昂·克拉森斯稱,“我們提出重新建造翼龍?bào)w內(nèi)的呼吸系統(tǒng),,我們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代鳥(niǎo)類也存在著這個(gè)最基本的呼吸結(jié)構(gòu)。” 俄亥俄州大學(xué)整骨療法醫(yī)學(xué)院生物醫(yī)學(xué)副教授帕特里克·奧康納補(bǔ)充道,,“這個(gè)呼吸系統(tǒng)能促進(jìn)翼龍進(jìn)行必要的氣體交換,,使它保持持續(xù)飛行。
當(dāng)時(shí)任柏林自然歷史博物館館長(zhǎng)的英國(guó)萊斯特大學(xué)的大衛(wèi)·昂溫,,在2003年給克拉森斯和奧康納看了保存的翼龍化石,,他們看過(guò)之后受到極大鼓舞。他們認(rèn)為這些化石標(biāo)本最終會(huì)揭開(kāi)翼龍究竟靠什么樣的動(dòng)力來(lái)保持飛行的奧秘,??死拐f(shuō),“連接胸骨的肋骨片斷的形狀和大小顯示,胸腔是可移動(dòng)的,,這與先前的觀點(diǎn)相反,。肋骨上唯一先前沒(méi)被承認(rèn)的凸出物給肺部呼吸肌肉提供重要的杠桿作用。”
因?yàn)榛療o(wú)法將動(dòng)物的存軟組織保存下來(lái),,為了搞清楚空氣囊,、肺結(jié)構(gòu)和骨骼之間的關(guān)系,研究小組在翼龍,、鳥(niǎo)類和鱷魚之間進(jìn)行了比較性的研究,。通過(guò)拍X光片和CT掃描,小組成員描繪了動(dòng)物骨骼如何工作使得空氣通過(guò)肺部,,也搞清了如何識(shí)別由于受到空氣囊的擠壓而留在骨頭上的痕跡,。 不僅僅是滅絕的翼龍顯示了骨頭受空氣囊擠壓而留下的痕跡,其他不同種類的氣腔龍身上也能找到這個(gè)痕跡,,許多活著的鳥(niǎo)類也是如此,。例如,受空氣囊擠壓的骨骼部分和動(dòng)物身體大小之間有著直接的關(guān)系,。 奧康納稱,,“體型小的翼龍和鳥(niǎo)類其肺部空氣囊只達(dá)到脊椎部分,而體型較大的翼龍呼吸時(shí)氣體到達(dá)了身體骨骼的大部分,,包括從翅膀骨骼到手指末端,。骨骼的變動(dòng)會(huì)減少骨頭的密度,解決了大體型翼龍持續(xù)飛行中的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題:節(jié)省了在空中飛行的體力。翼龍骨骼密度減少也許是非常有益的,,尤其對(duì)在空中飛翔的巨大翼龍好處極大,。
研究人員稱,鳥(niǎo)類的空氣囊也有其它用途,,可用于視覺(jué)展示和發(fā)出聲音,。翼龍身上存在著類似空氣囊系統(tǒng),這一點(diǎn)為新領(lǐng)域的研究指名了前進(jìn)方向,,現(xiàn)在古生物學(xué)家可以著手探究翼手龍生物學(xué)方面的問(wèn)題了,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PLoS ONE 4(2): e4497. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497
Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism
Leon P. A. M. Claessens1*, Patrick M. O'Connor2, David M. Unwin3
1 Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, United States of America, 3 Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Abstract
Pterosaurs, enigmatic extinct Mesozoic reptiles, were the first vertebrates to achieve true flapping flight. Various lines of evidence provide strong support for highly efficient wing design, control, and flight capabilities. However, little is known of the pulmonary system that powered flight in pterosaurs. We investigated the structure and function of the pterosaurian breathing apparatus through a broad scale comparative study of respiratory structure and function in living and extinct archosaurs, using computer-assisted tomographic (CT) scanning of pterosaur and bird skeletal remains, cineradiographic (X-ray film) studies of the skeletal breathing pump in extant birds and alligators, and study of skeletal structure in historic fossil specimens. In this report we present various lines of skeletal evidence that indicate that pterosaurs had a highly effective flow-through respiratory system, capable of sustaining powered flight, predating the appearance of an analogous breathing system in birds by approximately seventy million years. Convergent evolution of gigantism in several Cretaceous pterosaur lineages was made possible through body density reduction by expansion of the pulmonary air sac system throughout the trunk and the distal limb girdle skeleton, highlighting the importance of respiratory adaptations in pterosaur evolution, and the dramatic effect of the release of physical constraints on morphological diversification and evolutionary radiation.