好萊塢可能喜歡纖瘦的美女,然而在大海中,,大塊頭的“女士”才是真正的明星,。這是因?yàn)樽钚碌难芯勘砻鳎圩^鯨會(huì)選擇體大而長的雌性作為配偶,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為研究這種海洋生物神秘的交配習(xí)性帶來了新的視角,,同時(shí)為鯨類的保護(hù)提供了幫助。
盡管已經(jīng)守望了幾十年的光景,,但依然沒有人見證過座頭鯨的交配過程,。研究人員僅僅知道,在橫跨冬季和春季的交配季節(jié)中,,常常會(huì)有20多頭雄座頭鯨為了接近1頭雌座頭鯨而大打出手,。美國希羅市夏威夷大學(xué)的海洋哺乳動(dòng)物學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家Adam Pack指出,,這種競爭相當(dāng)激烈,。他說,雄鯨們通常會(huì)吹泡泡來警告對手,,它們會(huì)用身體撞擊競爭者,,有時(shí)甚至發(fā)生流血沖突。有些雌鯨會(huì)比其他的同類吸引更多的追求者,,而研究人員一直在思考,,到底是什么原因讓雄鯨為了這些“美麗的女士”而大動(dòng)干戈。
Pack和同事認(rèn)為,,一頭雌鯨的體型或許能夠傳遞它的性吸引力,。座頭鯨在交配季節(jié)中會(huì)絕食,因此個(gè)頭大的雌鯨——Pack說,,因?yàn)轶w型大,,所以有地方儲(chǔ)存更多的脂肪——有可能更適合生育和喂養(yǎng)幼鯨。為了驗(yàn)證這一龐然大物,,Pack的研究小組從1997年到2002年在夏威夷附近海域?qū)?2個(gè)競爭的種群——1頭雌鯨周圍環(huán)繞著不同數(shù)量的雄鯨——進(jìn)行了觀察,。在這項(xiàng)研究中,潛水員在水下拍攝了這些座頭鯨的錄像,,同時(shí)利用聲納計(jì)算了它們的身體長度,。
就像預(yù)期的那樣,,最終的結(jié)果表明,那些長而大的雌鯨能夠吸引更多的護(hù)花使者,。研究人員在3月份出版的《動(dòng)物行為》雜志上報(bào)告了這一研究成果,。Pack指出,0.5米的體長優(yōu)勢能夠讓每頭雌座頭鯨多吸引4頭雄座頭鯨,。研究人員同時(shí)對多對座頭鯨母子進(jìn)行了測量,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn),媽媽的體長每增加1米,,在相同的年齡下,,幼鯨的體長會(huì)增加1/3米。Pack表示,,這些幼鯨大約有20%的死亡率,,因此與大塊頭的雌鯨交配能夠增加雄鯨成功繁殖后代的可能性,并生下更長,、更健康的幼鯨,。
美國馬薩諸塞州格洛斯特市新英格蘭鯨類中心執(zhí)行主管兼首席科學(xué)家Mason Weinrich表示,盡管并不讓人感到驚訝,,但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為特定的雌性能夠吸引更多雄性的觀點(diǎn)提供了一個(gè)重要的證據(jù),。Weinrich說:“這是向著了解座頭鯨交配體系邁出的重要一步。”但他說,,這里依然有一個(gè)重要的問題,。例如,雄座頭鯨在加入或撤出戰(zhàn)團(tuán)時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)唱歌,,然而研究人員并不知道這些歌聲在交配過程中到底扮演了一個(gè)什么樣的角色,。
Pack承認(rèn)在搞清鯨類的交配機(jī)制之前還有許多工作要做。但是他說,,通過了解動(dòng)物繁殖需要什么樣的條件,,即便是很小的突破也對于鯨類保護(hù)具有重要意義。Pack表示:“在我們能夠通過立法來保護(hù)鯨類之前,,我們需要了解對它們來說什么是重要的,,以及它們的社會(huì)功能是什么。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Animal Behaviour, March 2009,doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.015
Male humpback whales in the Hawaiian breeding grounds preferentially associate with larger females
Adam A. Packa, b, c, , , Louis M. Hermana, d, Scott S. Spitza, Siri Hakalae, Mark H. Deakosd and Elia Y.K. Hermana, f
aThe Dolphin Institute, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
bDepartment of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, U.S.A.
cDepartment of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, U.S.A.
dDepartment of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, U.S.A.
eSouthwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.
fNicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A.
The competitive group appears to be a major component of the mating system of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, bringing together a single female (nuclear animal or NA) and multiple males (escorts) that compete for physical proximity to her. We examined the relation of body size of the NA to the number of attending escorts and, separately, we determined the relation of a female's body size to the size of her calf. Using underwater videogrammetry in Maui waters during 1997–2002, we measured the body length of the NA in each of 42 competitive groups. We also measured the lengths of the mother and her calf in each of 92 mother–calf groups. The number of initial escorts in a competitive group was positively correlated with NA body length. Longer mothers were associated with longer calves, even after accounting for seasonal differences in calf length. We conclude that male humpback whales prefer to associate with larger females and that larger females produce larger calves. Theoretically, larger calves have a greater chance of survival than do smaller calves. The choice of a larger female may therefore increase the reproductive success of an escort that succeeds in mating.