蛇,、昆蟲和魚等很多動物會通過偽裝來避開天敵的進攻。但是,,發(fā)表在《新植物學家》雜志上的一份研究報告指出,,新西蘭的一些樹也進化出一種類似的偽裝本領,保護自己免受現(xiàn)已滅絕的大鳥的傷害,,這為植物存在這種生存戰(zhàn)略提供了第一份證據,。
該研究首席研究人員、新西蘭惠靈頓市維多利亞大學凱文·伯恩斯說:“很多食草動物以植物為食,作為回應,,植物進化出多種防御方法來對抗天敵,,如長出荊棘以及分泌有害化學物等。一般情況下,,動物常使用色彩來躲避天敵,,但是,之前科學家一直未發(fā)現(xiàn)植物以色彩來偽裝的證據,。”
伯恩斯的研究小組研究了五加科樹的樹葉,,這是新西蘭土生土長的一種異形胚芽樹種。從萌芽到成熟,,這種樹要經歷幾種特別的顏色的變化,,現(xiàn)在這些顏色的變化被認為是它們的一種偽裝策略,用于防御天敵恐鳥,。這種天敵現(xiàn)已滅絕,。
人類到來之前,新西蘭沒有本土陸上哺乳動物,,但這里是恐鳥的家園,。恐鳥是一種巨大的不會飛的鳥,,是現(xiàn)代的鴕鳥的近親,,它是食物鏈中最高的食草動物。但是,,750年前恐鳥已經從這個世界上滅絕,。
五加科樹有幾種防御方法,研究組發(fā)現(xiàn),,這些防御方式與歷史上曾存在的恐鳥有關,。小樹苗長出的是小而窄的葉子,在人眼看來有些斑駁,。小樹會長出更大,、更長的葉子,帶有刺齒,。幼苗樹葉斑駁的顏色類似樹葉上的雜質,,這讓恐鳥很難分辨。這種特殊的顏色可能還會降低樹葉顯出輪廓的可能性,,使得這種偽裝樹葉看起來象斑駁日光照射下的森林地面,。
恐鳥沒有牙齒,它們是把樹葉含在嘴里使用頭部力量折斷樹葉而吞食樹葉,。五加科樹長出的這種長而硬的樹葉讓恐鳥很難下咽,。最大的恐鳥約高300厘米,五加科樹一旦超過這個高度它們就會長出大小、形狀和顏色正常的樹葉,,不再偽裝,。
為了證明這種防御與恐鳥曾經的存在有關,研究小組比較了五加科樹葉和查塔姆群島上一種類似的樹P chathamicus的樹葉樣本,,這種樹生長在新西蘭東部800公里處,。與新西蘭不同的是,,這個島上沒有如恐鳥在內的大型食草動物,,因此這種植物沒有進化學會防御恐鳥的方法。
伯恩斯說:“查塔姆群島上的物種顯示了在樹苗和成樹之間的較少的形態(tài)變化,。如果說這種色彩變化是為了應對新西蘭恐鳥曾經的存在而進化的,,那么在沒有恐鳥的時候它們的這種反應就會減少。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
New Phytologist 14 Jul 2009
Ontogenetic colour changes in an insular tree species: signalling to extinct browsing birds?
Nik Fadzly 1 , Cameron Jack 1 , H. Martin Schaefer 2 and K. C. Burns 1
1 School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand ; 2 Faculty of Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
ABSTRACT
Animals often use colours to hide from predators (crypsis) or advertise defences (aposematism), but there is little evidence for colour-based defence in plants.
Here, we test whether ontogenetic changes in leaf colour of lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolius) may have been part of a defensive strategy against flightless browsing birds called moa, which were once the only large herbivores in New Zealand. We tested this hypothesis by conducting spectrographic measurements on different-sized plants grown in a common garden. We also compared these results with observations on a closely related, derived species that evolved in the absence of moa on the Chatham Islands.
Spectrographic analyses showed that birds would have difficulty distinguishing seedling leaves against a background of leaf litter. Conversely, brightly coloured tissues flanking spines on sapling leaves are highly conspicuous to birds. Once above the reach of the tallest known moa, adults produce leaves that are typical in appearance to adult leaves. The Chatham Island species lacks ontogenetic colour changes entirely.
Overall, the results indicate that P. crassifolius goes through a remarkable series of colour changes during development, from cryptically coloured seedlings to aposematically coloured saplings, which may have formed a defensive strategy to protect against giant browsing birds.