一具距今2.6億年的動物化石其實(shí)是已知最古老的樹棲動物
這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)也是“對生拇指”化石記錄的最早證據(jù)
據(jù)英國媒體報(bào)道,美國研究人員日前表示,,一具距今2.6億年的動物化石其實(shí)是已知最古老的樹棲動物,。他們稱,這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)也是“對生拇指”化石記錄的最早證據(jù),。
據(jù)刊登在最新一期英國《皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報(bào)B輯》上的論文稱,,這種動物的手和手指細(xì)長,有助于其抓握和爬行,。研究人員表示,,這表明生物進(jìn)化可以讓動物以樹為生,遠(yuǎn)離陸地上的食肉動物,。這種動物被命名為“蘇美尼獸”(Suminia getmanovi),,歷史可追溯到二疊紀(jì)末期,比已知最早的以樹為生的哺乳動物早了近1億年,。
蘇美尼獸化石最早于1994年在俄羅斯被發(fā)現(xiàn),。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)實(shí)施這項(xiàng)研究的美國芝加哥菲爾德博物館的喬戈·弗洛比奇(Jorg Frobisch)表示,此次研究讓他們首次有機(jī)會對蘇美尼獸化石整個(gè)骨骼進(jìn)行全面檢查,。弗洛比奇在接受英國廣播公司采訪時(shí)稱,,他和同事仔細(xì)研究了蘇美尼獸的手,并同其他現(xiàn)存陸地和樹棲動物進(jìn)行比較,。
據(jù)弗洛比奇介紹,,蘇美尼獸體形很小,,從鼻子到尾尖長約50厘米。他說:“相比于身體,,它的四肢很長,,手腳長得異常,長度幾乎占據(jù)了整個(gè)肢體的一半,。要是用它與我們自己的胳膊做比較,,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)它的手腳有多長了。”
蘇美尼獸指尖細(xì)長,、彎曲,,就像動物的爪子一樣。弗洛比奇說:“它們的手指可能覆蓋一層堅(jiān)硬的角質(zhì),,與現(xiàn)代鳥類存在部分相似之處,。”這些手腳特征或許幫助蘇美尼獸掌握了抓握和爬行本領(lǐng)。
弗洛比奇研究小組最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,,蘇美尼獸每只手和每只腳有一個(gè)手指或腳趾都與剩余手指或腳趾是對生的,,很大程度上就像人類的拇指一樣。他說:“這是我們首次在化石記錄中發(fā)現(xiàn)對生拇指的證據(jù),。蘇美尼獸便是哺乳動物的早期祖先,。”
從蘇美尼獸所生活的時(shí)期到已知最早樹棲動物化石所處的時(shí)期,存在著大約1億年的空白期,。弗洛比奇說:“我們很高興得看到,,生物初始進(jìn)化是成功的,讓這些小動物可以生活在樹上,。”他解釋說,,蘇美尼獸特殊的手腳可使其在地面獵食時(shí)避開激烈的競爭,免遭食肉動物的襲擊,。
英國劍橋大學(xué)古生物學(xué)家西蒙·康維·莫里斯(Simon Conway Morris)稱這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)“令人非常激動,。”他在接受英國廣播公司采訪時(shí)表示:“它再次表明生物進(jìn)化發(fā)生的時(shí)間要比人們預(yù)料的早許多。在這種情況下,,脊椎動物尤其是合弓綱(哺乳動物便是從合弓綱進(jìn)化而來)很早就會爬樹,。事實(shí)上,這大概比我們預(yù)想的時(shí)間提前了3000萬年,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Proc. R. Soc. B July 29, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0911
The Late Permian herbivore Suminia and the early evolution of arboreality in terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems
Jörg Fröbisch,* and Robert R. Reisz2
1Department of Geology, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
2Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
Vertebrates have repeatedly filled and partitioned the terrestrial ecosystem, and have been able to occupy new, previously unexplored habitats throughout their history on land. The arboreal ecospace is particularly important in vertebrate evolution because it provides new food resources and protection from large ground-dwelling predators. We investigated the skeletal anatomy of the Late Permian (approx. 260 Ma) herbivorous synapsid Suminia getmanovi and performed a morphometric analysis of the phalangeal proportions of a great variety of extant and extinct terrestrial and arboreal tetrapods to discern locomotor function and habitat preference in fossil taxa, with special reference to Suminia. The postcranial anatomy of Suminia provides the earliest skeletal evidence for prehensile abilities and arboreality in vertebrates, as indicated by its elongate limbs, intrinsic phalangeal proportions, a divergent first digit and potentially prehensile tail. The morphometric analysis further suggests a differentiation between grasping and clinging morphotypes among arboreal vertebrates, the former displaying elongated proximal phalanges and the latter showing an elongation of the penultimate phalanges. The fossil assemblage that includes Suminia demonstrates that arboreality and resource partitioning occurred shortly after the initial establishment of the modern type of terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems, with a large number of primary consumers and few top predators.