西班牙肋骨蠑螈能夠?qū)⒗吖谴檀┢つw,,形成有毒骨刺進(jìn)行防御
最新研究顯示,像科幻電影《X戰(zhàn)警》中的金剛狼能夠伸展自己的爪子一樣,,西班牙肋骨蠑螈能夠?qū)⑸眢w內(nèi)鋒利的肋骨刺穿皮膚,形成防御性骨刺,。
科學(xué)家意識(shí)到西班牙肋骨蠑螈能夠?qū)⒗吖峭瞥鲶w外,,作為防御有效工具,同時(shí)在肋骨上會(huì)覆蓋著一層有毒的皮膚分泌物,。但是其間具體的工作原理對(duì)于科學(xué)家們?nèi)允且晃唇庵i團(tuán),。之前人們認(rèn)為這可能僅是蠑螈收縮身體,迫使最末端的肋骨穿過皮膚上特殊的開口暴露出來,。
奧地利維也納大學(xué)的埃格恩-海斯(Egon Heiss)和奧地利一支科學(xué)家小組發(fā)現(xiàn)蠑螈能夠向前旋轉(zhuǎn)它的肋骨,,直到像矛一樣的肋骨前端刺透蠑螈的皮膚。英國(guó)開放大學(xué)生物學(xué)家蒂姆-哈利戴(Tim Halliday)說:“人們之前就已觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)蠑螈的這種自殘現(xiàn)象,,但這是第一次對(duì)蠑螈肋骨的詳細(xì)研究,。”
研究人員稱,在自然界中,,有許多種動(dòng)物能夠?qū)⒆约旱墓趋雷鳛榇虪钗淦?,但是僅有西班牙肋骨蠑螈和一些蜥蜴物種可以將自己的肋骨當(dāng)作“隱藏的武器”。為了發(fā)現(xiàn)這種蠑螈是如何將肋骨作為武器的,,海斯的研究小組用棉花球接觸活蠑螈,,模擬一次侵犯攻擊,直到蠑螈擺出一副防御的姿態(tài),。X射線和CT掃描顯示,,肋骨旋轉(zhuǎn)是驅(qū)動(dòng)肋骨刺向外的關(guān)鍵性因素。
在這項(xiàng)研究中,,他們并未發(fā)現(xiàn)蠑螈皮膚上有任何永久性的傷口,,這意味著蠑螈在每次使用肋骨武器時(shí),都會(huì)利用肋骨刺穿它們自己的身體,。但是這種防御有效性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了自殘傷害的任何損害性,,這種神秘的蠑螈能夠很快地康復(fù)。這項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告已發(fā)表在8月18日出版的《動(dòng)物學(xué)雜志》上。
海斯說:“蠑螈和蜥蜴都擁有可修復(fù)皮膚的特殊能力,。”蠑螈的每根肋骨外部都圍繞著膠原蛋白纖維,,這種蛋白質(zhì)可用于人體燒傷之后皮膚康復(fù)。這意味著該物質(zhì)存在于肋骨可加速康復(fù),。此外,,其強(qiáng)大有效的免疫系統(tǒng)可預(yù)防蠑螈的傷口被感染。
開放大學(xué)的哈利戴說:“在平時(shí)的觀測(cè)中,,如果蠑螈身體上出現(xiàn)一些傷口,便會(huì)很快康復(fù),,我在辦公室里也飼養(yǎng)了一些蠑螈,,有時(shí)當(dāng)我抓住它的身體時(shí),會(huì)被刺痛,,但是它們卻并未受到傷害,。”
這項(xiàng)最新研究提供了蠑螈不同尋常的防御特性是如何進(jìn)化形成的,它身體上最長(zhǎng)的肋骨通過柔性兩端骨接頭附在脊骨上,,可使骨骼向前搖動(dòng),。其他的蜥蜴物種也長(zhǎng)有類似的骨骼接頭,當(dāng)它們受到威脅時(shí),,會(huì)較小幅度地膨脹其胸腔,。這樣會(huì)增加它們的體型大小,讓掠食者望而卻步,。
海斯強(qiáng)調(diào)稱,,像這樣的胸腔膨脹可能促進(jìn)了西班牙肋骨蠑螈進(jìn)化形成像彈簧般的肋骨胸腔。如果肋骨進(jìn)化形成更大的尺寸,,肋骨前端將延伸至皮膚,,將容易將皮膚穿透。而肋骨端可作為一種有效的防御武器,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Journal of Zoology DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00631.x
Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy: new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl
E. Heiss 1 , N. Natchev 1 , D. Salaberger 2 , M. Gumpenberger 3 , A. Rabanser 4 & J. Weisgram 1
1 Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
2 Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Wels, Wels, Austria
3 Clinic of Radiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
4 Department of Statistics and Decision Support Systems, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
The Spanish ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl shows a bizzare defensive mechanism against predators. X-ray analysis before and after a simulated threat shows that this newt rotates its ribs anteriorly. The maximum measured angle to which the ribs moved was 65°. This forward movement causes the sharply pointed rib tips to lacerate the body wall and project freely from the sides of the trunk as spines. Light microscopy shows the microanatomy, and computed tomography shows the 3D morphology of these unusual weapons. They are 'spear-shaped' and hollow proximally, massive distally and are connected to the corresponding vertebra by a well-developed, two-headed joint. The skin in the penetration areas lacks permanent pores through which the ribs could be projected and is pierced de novo by every antipredator posturing. This investigation provides new insight into the functionality of a highly complex, integrated and unusual defensive strategy.