一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示,與雌性魅力平平的果蠅相比,,“更性感”的雌蠅承受的痛苦更多。
美國(guó)加州圣芭芭拉大學(xué)科學(xué)家特里斯坦·朗是這項(xiàng)研究的領(lǐng)頭人,,他表示:最有吸引力的雌果蠅也是個(gè)頭最大的雌蠅,,能產(chǎn)最多的蟲卵。因?yàn)榇罅啃巯壍淖非?,它們孵化的幼蟲比那些性魅力不及的同類要少,。
朗認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)這種狀況的原因有兩方面:一方面,雄蠅不斷的求偶行為阻礙了雌蠅覓食,;另一方面,,過多的性交讓雌蠅體內(nèi)的有毒精液無法承受。果蠅通常用在實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究中,,因?yàn)樗鼈兊膲勖蟾胖挥幸粋€(gè)月,,所以科學(xué)家可以很快通過各代果蠅辨別出它們的進(jìn)化趨勢(shì)。朗和同事們首先開發(fā)出一系列立體模型,,由此預(yù)測(cè):雄果蠅過多的不懈求偶行為會(huì)危害雌蠅繁衍后代,。
研究組將一只雄蠅與一大一小兩只雌蠅放在一起。雄蠅會(huì)更多地去糾纏體型大的雌蠅,。接下來,不論與雄蠅很少接觸還是頻繁接觸,,研究人員都對(duì)大小兩只雌蠅的繁殖率做了對(duì)比,。在頻繁接觸的條件下,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示體型大的雌蠅繁殖率比體型小的同類要低,。
這些發(fā)現(xiàn)都登載于12月8日出版的《公共科學(xué)圖書館·生物學(xué)》,。朗表示,一直以來關(guān)于性選擇和自然選擇是不是總值得稱頌都有爭(zhēng)論,,這些研究成果無疑又讓它浮出水面,。
自然選擇促使能增加物種存活幾率的基因進(jìn)化,而性選擇則使那些繁殖成功幾率大的基因得以進(jìn)化,。朗說:“在某種程度上可以認(rèn)為,,最有魅力的個(gè)體之所以能吸引雄性是因?yàn)樗鼈凅w內(nèi)有最好的基因。”
“性策略讓釋放魅力的個(gè)體雌蠅能受孕而獲益,,所以它是成功的,,”研究人員解釋,“即使實(shí)施這一戰(zhàn)術(shù)要以雄蠅,、甚至是整個(gè)物種的數(shù)量為代價(jià),。”
為了追求那些魅力十足的雌蠅,大批雄果蠅成為自身物種進(jìn)化的犧牲品。因?yàn)樗鼈兊那笈夹袨闀?huì)降低雌蠅的繁殖率,,使種群中的雌蠅無法更好地快速繁衍下一代,。
其他的雌性物種也和雌果蠅的處境相似,遭到雄性追求對(duì)象的非禮待遇,。
研究人員認(rèn)為,,許多雌性的昆蟲和蜥蜴會(huì)把精子存在體內(nèi),它們只需要和雄性交配一次就可以產(chǎn)出足夠一生受用的幼蟲卵,,不過這還是取決于雄性的求愛行為,。
雄孔雀魚求偶時(shí)非常有攻擊性,雌性因此連尋找食物都受到限制,,這還會(huì)導(dǎo)致更糟糕的結(jié)果,。研究人員說:“雄性的霸道求愛會(huì)迫使雌孔雀魚為避免騷擾而轉(zhuǎn)移棲息地,到那些可能被吞食的危險(xiǎn)水域去,。”然而,,現(xiàn)在還不能確定這對(duì)雌性動(dòng)物而言都是消極影響。
比如對(duì)某些種類的蟋蟀來說,,雄蟋蟀在輸出精子時(shí)也把大量的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分傳送給雌蟋蟀為食,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PLoS Biol 7(12): e1000254. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000254
A Cost of Sexual Attractiveness to High-Fitness Females
Tristan A. F. Long¤*, Alison Pischedda, Andrew D. Stewart, William R. Rice
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
Adaptive mate choice by females is an important component of sexual selection in many species. The evolutionary consequences of male mate preferences, however, have received relatively little study, especially in the context of sexual conflict, where males often harm their mates. Here, we describe a new and counterintuitive cost of sexual selection in species with both male mate preference and sexual conflict via antagonistic male persistence: male mate choice for high-fecundity females leads to a diminished rate of adaptive evolution by reducing the advantage to females of expressing beneficial genetic variation. We then use a Drosophila melanogaster model system to experimentally test the key prediction of this theoretical cost: that antagonistic male persistence is directed toward, and harms, intrinsically higher-fitness females more than it does intrinsically lower-fitness females. This asymmetry in male persistence causes the tails of the population's fitness distribution to regress towards the mean, thereby reducing the efficacy of natural selection. We conclude that adaptive male mate choice can lead to an important, yet unappreciated, cost of sex and sexual selection.