保留在古泥巴中的化石足印是動(dòng)物用四肢爬行的證據(jù),。
圖片提供: Per Ahlberg等,,《自然》
瑞典和波蘭科學(xué)家日前發(fā)現(xiàn)了最古老四足動(dòng)物的證據(jù),。這些足印和痕跡保存于波蘭東南部的一個(gè)廢棄采石場的干泥中,,其年代可以回溯到距今3.95億年前,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)顛覆了有關(guān)陸生動(dòng)物何時(shí)何地首次出現(xiàn)的傳統(tǒng)理論,。
科學(xué)家一直相信,,生有四肢的動(dòng)物——即所謂的四足動(dòng)物——是通過名為希望螈類(elpistostegids)的過渡期生物從魚演化而來的,。這些過渡期生物長有偶鰭,而非真正的前肢后肢,,并且只有非常有限的爬行能力,。作為迄今為止最古老的希望螈類,提塔利克魚(Tiktaalik)和潘氏魚(Panderichthys)具有3.86億年的歷史,。
然而在波蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的痕跡表明,,希望螈類其實(shí)是一條進(jìn)化上的“死胡同”。在采石場中給人留下深刻印象的發(fā)現(xiàn)要數(shù)那些清晰的足印了——在一些足印中,個(gè)體的足趾都能夠被辨認(rèn)出來,。這意味著陸生動(dòng)物在提塔利克魚和潘氏魚進(jìn)化出鰭狀結(jié)構(gòu)之前的900萬年便已經(jīng)有腳了,。此外,一些痕跡表明,,當(dāng)時(shí)的陸生動(dòng)物能夠用處于對(duì)角線位置的雙足行走,,而同樣的步態(tài)對(duì)于有鰭生物而言是不可思議的。該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人,、從2002年便開始在此進(jìn)行發(fā)掘工作的華沙大學(xué)古生物學(xué)家Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki表示:“這是一只生有四肢的動(dòng)物,,并且只能是四足動(dòng)物。”
足跡周圍的表面保存得異常完好,,只留有一些干泥的裂紋和雨滴的痕跡,。這些足跡并沒有表現(xiàn)出拖著尾巴或肚皮著地的跡象,表明在動(dòng)物的四足留下足印的同時(shí),,軀體和尾部是漂浮在淺水中的,。根據(jù)周圍的環(huán)境特征以及在附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的無脊椎動(dòng)物化石,Niedzwiedzki認(rèn)為,,這些早期的四足動(dòng)物似乎正在穿過某種鹽瀉湖,。這多少讓人感到吃驚——傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,最早的四足動(dòng)物是從淡水河流中遷移到陸地上來的,。研究小組在1月7日出版的《自然》雜志上報(bào)告了這一研究成果,。
這一足印的發(fā)現(xiàn)也讓其他古生物學(xué)家大吃一驚。英國劍橋大學(xué)的Jennifer Clack表示:“我以為我們已經(jīng)清楚地建立了有肢四足動(dòng)物的起源時(shí)間,??磥砦覀儾坏貌恢匦滤伎颊麄€(gè)過程。”
Niedzwiedzki的研究小組如今正在尋找這些四足動(dòng)物的身體化石以佐證新發(fā)現(xiàn)的足印,,他們希望獲得留下這些足印的生物的更多信息,。Niedzwiedzki說,,分析骨骼化石將有助于解釋這些早期四足動(dòng)物與它們的有鰭祖先之間的關(guān)系,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 463, 43-48 (7 January 2010) | doi:10.1038/nature08623
Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland
Grzegorz Nied?wiedzki1, Piotr Szrek2,3, Katarzyna Narkiewicz3, Marek Narkiewicz3 & Per E. Ahlberg4
1 Department of Paleobiology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, 2S. Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
2 Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Warsaw University, 93 ?wirki i Wigury Street, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
3 Polish Geological Institute, 4 Rakowiecka Street, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
4 Subdepartment of Evolutionary Organismal Biology, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv?gen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
5 Correspondence to: Per E. Ahlberg4 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.E.A.
The fossil record of the earliest tetrapods (vertebrates with limbs rather than paired fins) consists of body fossils and trackways. The earliest body fossils of tetrapods date to the Late Devonian period (late Frasnian stage) and are preceded by transitional elpistostegids such as Panderichthys and Tiktaalik that still have paired fins. Claims of tetrapod trackways predating these body fossils have remained controversial with regard to both age and the identity of the track makers. Here we present well-preserved and securely dated tetrapod tracks from Polish marine tidal flat sediments of early Middle Devonian (Eifelian stage) age that are approximately 18 million years older than the earliest tetrapod body fossils and 10 million years earlier than the oldest elpistostegids. They force a radical reassessment of the timing, ecology and environmental setting of the fish–tetrapod transition, as well as the completeness of the body fossil record.