日前,,《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》(Current Biology)在線同時(shí)發(fā)表了兩篇與內(nèi)地學(xué)者相關(guān)的文章:一篇是在密歇根大學(xué)做訪問(wèn)研究的中國(guó)科學(xué)院昆明動(dòng)物研究所副研究員李英、昆明動(dòng)物所碩士研究生劉振以及研究員施鵬與美國(guó)密歇根大學(xué)教授張建之合作發(fā)表的《聽(tīng)覺(jué)基因Prestin聚類(lèi)回聲定位蝙蝠與鯨》,;另一篇是華東師范大學(xué)博士研究生劉洋,、碩士研究生沈斌和韓秀群與其導(dǎo)師張樹(shù)義教授以及英國(guó)學(xué)者Rossiter,、Cotton博士合作發(fā)表的《回聲定位蝙蝠與海豚基因序列的趨同進(jìn)化》。三國(guó)學(xué)者共同留下一段“文人相敬”的科學(xué)佳話,。
趨同進(jìn)化是指不同生物類(lèi)群中獨(dú)立進(jìn)化出相似性狀的事件,。趨同進(jìn)化在形態(tài)學(xué)上普遍存在,也是支持達(dá)爾文自然選擇學(xué)說(shuō)的重要證據(jù),,但迄今為止在分子水平上趨同進(jìn)化的例子并不多見(jiàn),。大部分蝙蝠具有發(fā)達(dá)的高頻回聲定位能力,而回聲定位和飛翔也是蝙蝠在自然界生存,、繁衍和適應(yīng)的重要特征,。2008年,張樹(shù)義與Rossiter等聯(lián)合在美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)發(fā)表文章揭示,,在兩類(lèi)進(jìn)化上獨(dú)立的回聲定位蝙蝠中,,prestin基因經(jīng)歷了趨同進(jìn)化;他們還證明了這一過(guò)程是由自然選擇驅(qū)動(dòng)的,。
隨后,,中美、中英學(xué)者各自獨(dú)立地想到另一個(gè)更為深入的題目:在自然界,,鯨是除蝙蝠之外的另一類(lèi)具有發(fā)達(dá)回聲定位能力的哺乳動(dòng)物,;那么,回聲定位的蝙蝠與回聲定位的鯨之間是否存在聽(tīng)覺(jué)基因的趨同進(jìn)化,?為了在分子水平上探討這一問(wèn)題,,中美學(xué)者從具有回聲定位的海豚的基因組中擴(kuò)增了與聽(tīng)覺(jué)相關(guān)的基因prestin,并分別用最大似然法,、最大簡(jiǎn)約法,,和鄰接法對(duì)海豚、蝙蝠和其他哺乳動(dòng)物的prestin基因作了進(jìn)化分析,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)用prestin蛋白質(zhì)序列構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)時(shí),,這3種方法都將具有回聲定位的蝙蝠和海豚聚到一起,而用同義突變核苷酸位點(diǎn)所構(gòu)的進(jìn)化樹(shù)卻又很好地符合其物種樹(shù),。為了解釋這種不一致的現(xiàn)象,,他們又分別利用樹(shù)形比較和祖先序列與現(xiàn)存序列比較兩種方法找出了造成這種差異的位點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)論證,,并且排除了造成這種現(xiàn)象的其他可能因素(DNA污染,、長(zhǎng)枝吸引,、水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移、氨基酸使用偏好等),,他們最終得出了這種現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)是適應(yīng)性平行進(jìn)化的結(jié)果,,并且鑒別出了11個(gè)平行進(jìn)化位點(diǎn)。這11個(gè)位點(diǎn)的平行進(jìn)化可能使蝙蝠和鯨的prestin蛋白具有在回聲定位過(guò)程中檢測(cè)高頻超聲波的功能,。這項(xiàng)工作為探討回聲定位的分子機(jī)制邁出了重要一步,。
中英學(xué)者提出假設(shè):回聲定位鯨類(lèi)和回聲定位蝙蝠的prestin基因在分子水平上也許同樣存在趨同進(jìn)化。Prestin基因編碼的蛋白在獸類(lèi)耳蝸的外毛細(xì)胞中表達(dá),,與耳蝸對(duì)聲音頻率的敏感性和選擇性有關(guān),。經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn),他們從基因組DNA中得到7種鯨類(lèi)的prestin基因序列全長(zhǎng),。通過(guò)prestin基因樹(shù)的構(gòu)建以及選擇壓力的分析,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)4種具有高頻回聲定位能力的海豚和回聲定位蝙蝠在基因樹(shù)上聚成了一個(gè)支持度很高的單系群,有明顯的趨同進(jìn)化的可能,。同樣令人興奮的是:兩種非回聲定位的須鯨在基因樹(shù)上還是同它們的鯨偶蹄目近親——牛聚在一起,,并沒(méi)有同回聲定位蝙蝠聚在一起。在排除長(zhǎng)枝吸引和基因轉(zhuǎn)換等其他非自然選擇因素的影響后,,他們肯定了在兩類(lèi)獨(dú)立產(chǎn)生的高頻回聲定位物種中發(fā)生趨同進(jìn)化的結(jié)論,。有趣的是,當(dāng)抹香鯨的序列被加入后,,兩類(lèi)回聲定位物種中趨同進(jìn)化的信號(hào)明顯減弱,。因此,他們得出結(jié)論:對(duì)高頻聲音的敏感聽(tīng)覺(jué),,而不僅僅是回聲定位,,是蝙蝠、海豚這兩類(lèi)親緣關(guān)系很遠(yuǎn)的動(dòng)物類(lèi)群之間發(fā)生基因序列趨同進(jìn)化的原因,。
在兩個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)各自獨(dú)立研究接近尾聲的時(shí)候,,他們了解到對(duì)方團(tuán)隊(duì)也在進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究,于是,,兩個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)友好地保持聯(lián)系,,并肩投稿到Current Biology,該雜志接受并發(fā)表了這兩篇各自獨(dú)立完成的科研論文,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Current Biology, 26 January 2010 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.042
The hearing gene Prestin unites echolocating bats and whales
Ying Li1, 2, 3, Zhen Liu2, 3, Peng Shi2 and Jianzhi Zhang1,
1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
3 These authors contributed equally to this work
Echolocation is a sensory mechanism for locating, ranging and identifying objects which involves the emission of calls into the environment and listening to the echoes returning from objects [1]. Only microbats and toothed whales have acquired sophisticated echolocation, indispensable for their orientation and foraging [1]. Although the bat and whale biosonars originated independently and differ substantially in many aspects [2], we here report the surprising finding that the bottlenose dolphin, a toothed whale, is clustered with microbats in the gene tree constructed using protein sequences encoded by the hearing gene Prestin.
Current Biology, 26 January 2010 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.058
Convergent sequence evolution between echolocating bats and dolphins
Yang Liu1, James A. Cotton2, , Bin Shen1, Xiuqun Han1, Stephen J. Rossiter2, and Shuyi Zhang1,
1 School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
2 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
Cases of convergent evolution — where different lineages have evolved similar traits independently — are common and have proven central to our understanding of selection. Yet convincing examples of adaptive convergence at the sequence level are exceptionally rare [1]. The motor protein Prestin is expressed in mammalian outer hair cells (OHCs) and is thought to confer high frequency sensitivity and selectivity in the mammalian auditory system [2]. We previously reported that the Prestin gene has undergone sequence convergence among unrelated lineages of echolocating bat [3]. Here we report that this gene has also undergone convergent amino acid substitutions in echolocating dolphins, which group with echolocating bats in a phylogenetic tree of Prestin. Furthermore, we find evidence that these changes were driven by natural selection.